14th century  

From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia

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As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was the century which lasted from 1301 to 1400. The book A Distant Mirror (1978) by Barbara Tuchman, described some aspects of 14th century Europe.

Events

• The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age.
• Beginning of the Ottoman Empire, early expansion into the Balkans.
• Early 14th century - Attributed to Kao Ninga Monk Sewing is made. Kamakura period. It is now kept at The Cleveland Museum of Art.
• The Avignon papacy transfers the seat of the Popes from Italy to France
• The Great Famine of 1315-1317 kills millions of people in Europe
• Forced out of previous locations, the Mexica found the city of Tenochtitlan in 1325
• The death of the Ilkhan Abu Said in 1335, causing the disintegration of the Mongol rule in Persia.
• Battle of Kosovo in 1389 between Serbs and Ottoman Turks, Prince Lazar, sultan Murat I and Miloš Obilić were killed
• The Vijayanagara Empire is founded in South India by Harihara in 1336
• The Hundred Years' War begins when Edward III of England lays claim to the French throne in 1337.
• Bulgarian-Ottoman Wars begin
• French recruit troops and ships in Genoa, Monaco and Nice. (1345–1346)
• Black Death kills around a third of the population of Europe. (1347–1351).
• Mid-14th century – Bottle, from Syria, is made. It is now kept at Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
• The Battle of Lake Poyang, a naval conflict between Chinese rebel groups led by Chen Youliang and Zhu Yuanzhang, took place in August to October of 1363, and was one of the largest naval battles in history.
• The end of Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty (1368)
• The Lollardy movement rises in England
• The Great Schism of the West begins in 1378, eventually leading to 3 simultaneous popes.
• An account of Buddha's life, translated earlier into Greek by St John of Damascus and widely circulated to Christians as the story of Barlaam and Josaphat, became so popular Buddha (under the name Josaphat) was made a Catholic saint.Template:Citation needed
• Singapore emerges for the first time as a fortified city and trading centre of some importance.
• Reunification of Poland under Ladislaus I of Poland
• Ciompi Revolt in Florence
• Peasants' Revolt in England
• Islam reaches Terengganu, on the Malay Peninsula.
• The Hausa found several city-states in the south of modern Niger.
• The Mali Empire expands westward and conquers Tekrur.
• The poet Petrarch coins the term Dark Ages to describe the preceding 900 years in Europe, beginning with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 through to the renewal embodied in the Renaissance.
• The Scots win the Scottish Wars of Independence.
• Union of Krewo between Poland and Lithuania.(1385)
• Work begins on the Great Enclosure at Great Zimbabwe, built of un-cemented, dressed stone. The city's population is now between 10,000 and 40,000.
• Beginning of the Renaissance in Italy
• The Kalmar Union is established in 1397, uniting Norway, Sweden and Denmark into one kingdom.
• Foundation of Tenochtitlan, Aztec capital city, in the valley of Mexico.
• Iwan vault, Jamé Mosque of Isfahan, Isfahan, Persia (Iran), is built.

Significant people

Art

• Giotto di Bondone, Italian painter (c. 1267–1337)
• Simone Martini, Italian painter (1284 – c. 1344)
• Stephen of Perm, Russian icon painter (1340–1396)

Literature

• Dante Alighieri, Italian poet and writer (1265–1321).
• Giovanni Boccaccio, Italian author (1313–1375).
• Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343–1400?) was an English author, poet, philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier and diplomat.
• Hafez Persian poet (c. 1310–1379).
• William Langland (ca. 1332 – ca. 1386) is the conjectured author of the English dream-vision Piers Plowman.
• Guillaume de Machaut, French composer and poet (c. 1300–1377).
• Francesco Petrarch, Italian poet and writer (1304–1374).
• Christine de Pizan, French writer (1364–1430).

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

• List of 14th century inventions
• First real handgun in the world invented in Florence 11 Feb 1326.<ref>http://riv.co.nz/rnza/hist/gun/firstgun.htm</ref>
• Music of the Ars nova
• The technique of knitting
• Foundation of the University of Cracow
• Chinese text the Huolongjing by Jiao Yu describes fire lances, fire arrows (rockets), rocket launchers, land mines, naval mines, bombards, cannons, and hollow cast iron cannonballs filled with gunpowder, and their use to set ablaze enemy camps.