1585
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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Events
- Chocolate is introduced to Europe commercially.
- January 12 – The Netherlands adopts the Gregorian calendar.
- February – The Spanish seize Brussels.
- July 7 – The Treaty of Nemours forces King Henry III of France to capitulate to the demands of the Catholic League, triggering the Eighth War of Religion (also known as the War of the Three Henrys) to begin in France.
- August 17 – Fall of Antwerp: Antwerp is captured by Spanish forces under the Prince of Parma, who orders Protestants to leave the city. As a result, over half of the 100,000 inhabitants flee to the northern provinces. Furthermore, upon hearing of the capture of Antwerp, a relief fleet sent to raise the siege instead blockades the Schelde river, preventing any and all ships from reaching Antwerp for two centuries. This effectively destroys Antwerp's position as an important trade city and de facto capital of the Dutch provinces. Its position is taken over by various northern cities, most prominently Amsterdam.
- August 20 – The Treaty of Nonsuch is signed, committing England to support the Dutch Revolt, thus entering the Eighty Years' War.
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Art and culture
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Literature
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Fiction
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Non-fiction
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Visual art
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Music
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Architecture
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Births
- January 27 – Hendrick Avercamp, Dutch painter (d. 1634)
- March 16 – Gerbrand Adriaensz Bredero, Dutch writer (d. 1618)
- August 11 – Hamnet Shakespeare, Son of William Shakespeare
- September 9 – Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, French statesman (d. 1642)
- October 28 – Cornelius Jansen, French bishop of Ypres and religious reformer (d. 1638)
- Lucilio Vanini, Italian free-thinker (d. 1619)
- Uriel da Costa, Portuguese Jewish philosopher (d. 1640)
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Deaths
- April 10 – Pope Gregory XIII (b. 1502)
- December – Pierre de Ronsard, French poet (b. 1524)
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