Barrack-Room Ballads
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| - | '''William Ernest Henley''' (23 August 1849 - 11 July 1903) was a [[British writer]] in late [[Victorian England]]. Though he wrote several books of poetry, Henley is remembered most often for his 1875 poem "[[Invictus]]". A fixture in London literary circles, the one-legged Henley was also the inspiration for [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]'s character [[Long John Silver]] (''[[Treasure Island]],'' 1883), while his young daughter [[Margaret Henley]] inspired [[J. M. Barrie]]'s choice of the name Wendy for the heroine of his play ''[[Peter Pan]]'' (1904). | ||
| - | With [[John Stephen Farmer]], Henley edited a seven volume dictionary of ''[[Slang and Its Analogues]]'' (1890–1904). | + | The '''Barrack-Room Ballads''' are a series of songs and poems by [[Rudyard Kipling]], dealing with the late-Victorian [[British Army]] and mostly written in a [[Vernacular|vernacular dialect]]. The series contains some of Kipling's best-known works, including the poems "[[Gunga Din]]", "[[Tommy (Kipling poem)|Tommy]]", "[[Mandalay (poem)|Mandalay]]", and "[[Danny Deever]]", helping consolidate his early fame as a poet. |
| - | ==Biography== | + | |
| - | Henley was born in [[Gloucester]] and was the eldest of a family of six, five sons and a daughter. His father, William, was a bookseller and stationer who died in 1868 leaving young children and creditors. His mother, Mary Morgan, was descended from the poet and critic, [[Joseph Warton]]. From 1861-67 Henley was a pupil at the [[The Crypt School, Gloucester|Crypt Grammar School]] (founded 1539). A Commission had recently attempted to revive the school by securing the brilliant and academically distinguished [[Thomas Edward Brown|T. E. Brown]] (1830-1897) as headmaster. Brown's appointment was short-lived (c.1857-63) but was a 'revelation' for Henley because it introduced him to a poet and 'man of genius - the first I'd ever seen'. This was the start of a lifelong friendship and Henley wrote a glowing memorial to Brown in the [[New Review]] (December, 1897): "He was singularly kind to me at a moment when I needed kindness even more than I needed encouragement". | + | |
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| - | From the age of 12 Henley suffered from [[tuberculosis]] of the bone leading to the amputation of his left leg below the knee either in 1865 or 1868-69. Frequent illness often kept him from school, although the fortunes of his father's business may also have contributed. In 1867, Henley passed the Oxford Local Schools Examination and soon afterwards moved to London where he attempted to establish himself as a journalist. However, his work over the next eight years was interrupted by long periods in hospital because his right foot was also diseased. Henley fought the diagnosis that a second amputation was the only way to save his life by placing himself under the care of the pioneering surgeon [[Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister|Joseph Lister]] (1827-1912) at the [[The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh]]. After three years in hospital (1873-75), Henley was discharged. Lister's treatment had not effected a complete cure but enabled Henley to lead a relatively active life for nearly 30 years. His friend, [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], based his ''Treasure Island'' character, [[Long John Silver]], on Henley.{{Fact|date=October 2007}} | + | |
| - | His literary connections also led to his sickly young daughter, Margaret Emma Henley (b. 4 September 1888), being immortalised by [[J. M. Barrie]] in his children's classic ''[[Peter and Wendy|Peter Pan]]''{{Fact|date=October 2007}}. Unable to speak clearly, the young Margaret referred to Barrie as her "Friendy Wendy", leading to the introduction of the name Wendy. Margaret never read the book; she died on 11 February 1894 at the age of 5 and was buried at the country estate of her father's friend, [[Henry Cust|Harry Cockayne Cust]], in [[Cockayne Hatley]], Bedfordshire. | + | The first poems were published in the ''[[Scots Observer]]'' in the first half of 1890, and collected in ''Barrack-Room Ballads and Other Verses'' in 1892. Kipling later returned to the theme in a group of poems collected in ''[[The Seven Seas (poetry collection)|The Seven Seas]]'' under the same title. A third group of vernacular Army poems from the [[Boer War]], titled "Service Songs" and published in ''[[The Five Nations]]'' (1903), can be considered part of the Ballads, as can a number of other uncollected pieces. |
| - | After his recovery Henley earned his living in publishing. In 1889 he became editor of the ''Scots Observer'', an Edinburgh journal on the lines of the old ''Saturday Review'' but inspired in every paragraph by Henley's vigorous and combative personality. It was transferred to London in 1891 as the ''[[National Observer (UK)|National Observer]]'' and remained under Henley's editorship until 1893. Though, as Henley confessed, the paper had almost as many writers as readers, and its fame was mainly confined to the literary class, it was a lively and influential feature of the literary life of its time. Henley had the editor's great gift of discerning promise, and the "Men of the Scots Observer," as Henley affectionately and characteristically called his band of contributors, in most instances justified his insight. The paper found utterance for the growing imperialism of its day, and among other services to literature gave to the world [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s ''[[Barrack-Room Ballads]]''. | ||
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| - | Henley died at the age of 53 and was buried in the same churchyard as his daughter in Cockayne Hatley. His wife was later buried at the same site. | ||
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| - | ==Works== | ||
| - | Arguably his best-remembered work is the poem "[[Invictus]]", written in 1875. It is said that this was written as a demonstration of his resilience following the amputation of his foot due to tubercular infection. This passionate and defiant poem should be compared with his beautiful and reflective acceptance of death and dying in the poem "Margaritae Sorori". | ||
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| - | In 1890, Henley published ''[[Views and Reviews]]'', a volume of notable criticisms, which he described as "less a book than a mosaic of scraps and shreds recovered from the shot rubbish of some fourteen years of journalism". The criticisms, covering a wide range of authors (all English or French save [[Heinrich Heine]] and [[Leo Tolstoy]]) were remarkable for their insight and gusto. In 1892, he published a second volume of poetry, named after the first poem, "[[The Song of the Sword]]" but re-christened "[[London Voluntaries]]" after another section in the second edition (1893). Stevenson wrote that he had not received the same thrill of poetry so intimate and so deep since [[George Meredith]]'s "[[Joy of Earth]]" and "[[Love in the Valley]]". "I did not guess you were so great a magician. These are new tunes; this is an undertone of the true [[Apollo]]. These are not verse; they are poetry". In 1892, Henley published also three plays written with Stevenson — ''[[Beau Austin]]'', ''[[Deacon Brodie]]'' and ''[[Admiral Guinea]]''. In 1895, Henley's poem, "[[Macaire]]", was published in a volume with the other plays. ''Deacon Brodie'' was produced in Edinburgh in 1884 and later in London. [[Herbert Beerbohm Tree]] produced ''Beau Austin'' at the Haymarket on [[3 November]] [[1890]]. | ||
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| - | Henley's poem, "[[Pro Rege Nostro]]", became popular during the [[First World War]] as a piece of [[patriotic]] verse. It contains the following refrain: | ||
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| - | : What have I done for you, England, my England? | ||
| - | : What is there I would not do, England my own? | ||
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| - | The poem and its sentiments have since been parodied by many people often unhappy with the [[jingoism]] they feel it expresses or the [[propaganda|propagandistic]] use it is put to. "[[England, My England and Other Stories|England, My England]]", a short story by [[D. H. Lawrence]] and also ''[[England, Their England]]'' the novel by [[A. G. Macdonell]] both use the phrase. | ||
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The Barrack-Room Ballads are a series of songs and poems by Rudyard Kipling, dealing with the late-Victorian British Army and mostly written in a vernacular dialect. The series contains some of Kipling's best-known works, including the poems "Gunga Din", "Tommy", "Mandalay", and "Danny Deever", helping consolidate his early fame as a poet.
The first poems were published in the Scots Observer in the first half of 1890, and collected in Barrack-Room Ballads and Other Verses in 1892. Kipling later returned to the theme in a group of poems collected in The Seven Seas under the same title. A third group of vernacular Army poems from the Boer War, titled "Service Songs" and published in The Five Nations (1903), can be considered part of the Ballads, as can a number of other uncollected pieces.
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Barrack-Room Ballads" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
