20th-century art
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| - | {{Template}}'''20th Century Art''', from [[Cubism]] through to [[contemporary art]]. See also [[20th century]], [[French art of the 20th century]] and [[20th century philosophy]]. | + | [[Image:Black Square by Malevich.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''[[Black Square]]'' (1915) by Kazimir Malevich]] |
| - | == Faultlines in 20th century art == | + | {| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5" |
| - | * [[Straight]]ness vs [[curvilinear]]ness | + | | style="text-align: left;" | |
| - | ** Straight lines and [[geometric]] designs: [[art deco]], [[International Style]], [[De Stijl]], [[minimalism]], [[cubism]] | + | “I had scarcely entered the [[Société des Artistes Indépendants |Salon des Indépendants]] when I heard shrieks of laughter coming from an adjoining wing…Suddenly I had entered a new world, a universe of [[ugliness]]…It was [[Henri Matisse |Matisse]] who took the first step into the undiscovered [[Cult of ugliness|land of the ugly]].” --"[[The Wild Men of Paris]]" (1910) by Gelett Burgess |
| - | ** [[Curvilinearity]]: [[Art Nouveau]], [[Symbolism]], [[Surrealism]] | + | |} |
| - | * [[Wit]] vs [[serious]]ness | + | [[Image:Degenerate art exhibition in Nazi Germany.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cover of the catalogue of the Nazi "[[Degenerate Art Exhibition]]" (1937)]] |
| - | ** Wit: [[Dada]], [[Surrealism]], [[Pop art]], [[Postmodernism]] | + | [[Image:Blue Horse by Franz Marc.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Blue Horse]]'' (1911) by Franz Marc]] |
| - | ** Serious: [[High Modernism]] (literature, architecture, arts) | + | |
| - | * [[Cult of beauty]] vs the [[cult of ugliness]] (or [[sexuality]] vs [[asexuality]]) | + | {{Template}} |
| - | ** Beauty: Art Nouveau, Symbolism | + | '''Twentieth-century art''' can be divided in [[modern art]] (until 1970) and [[contemporary art]] (1970-2000). |
| - | ** Ugliness: High Modernism, [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Samuel Beckett]], [[Expressionism]], [[Abstract Expressionism]] | + | |
| - | The classification above is indebted to the ''[[Sex in History]]'' by [[Gordon Rattray Taylor]] (see Matrism and Patrism) and the work of [[Camille Paglia]], especially ''[[Sexual Personae]]''. Both theorists classify along [[Apollonian and Dionysian]] axes. | + | The first art movements of the [[20th century]] are [[Fauvism]] in France and [[Die Brücke]] ("The Bridge") in Germany. Fauvism in Paris introduced heightened non-representational colour into figurative painting. Die Brücke strove for emotional [[Expressionism]]. Another German group was [[Der Blaue Reiter]] ("The Blue Rider"), led by [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]] in [[Munich]], who associated the ''blue rider'' image with a spiritual non-figurative mystical art of the future. Kandinsky, [[František Kupka|Kupka]], [[Robert Delaunay|R. Delaunay]] and [[Francis Picabia|Picabia]] were pioneers of [[Abstract art|abstract]] (or non-representational) art. [[Cubism]], generated by [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]], [[Georges Braque|Braque]], [[Jean Metzinger|Metzinger]], [[Albert Gleizes|Gleizes]] and others rejected the plastic norms of the [[Renaissance]] by introducing multiple perspectives into a two-dimensional image. [[Futurism]] incorporated the depiction of movement and machine age imagery. [[Dadaism]], with its most notable exponents, [[Marcel Duchamp]], who rejected conventional art styles altogether by exhibiting [[found object]]s, notably a [[Fountain (Duchamp)|urinal]], and too [[Francis Picabia]], with his ''Portraits Mécaniques''. |
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| + | == History == | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''20th century art''' and what it became known as - [[Modern art]], really began with [[Modernism]] in the late 19th century. Nineteenth-century movements of [[Post Impressionism]] and [[Art Nouveau]] led to the first twentieth-century art movements of [[Fauvism]] in France and [[Die Brücke]] ("The Bridge"} in Germany. Fauvism in Paris introduced heightened non-representational colour into figurative painting. Die Brücke strove for emotional [[Expressionism]]. Another German group was [[Der Blaue Reiter]] ("The Blue Rider"), led by [[Kandinsky]] in [[Munich]], who associated the blue rider image with a spiritual non-figurative mystical art of the future. Kandinsky was a pioneer of [[Abstract art|abstract]] (or non-representational) art. [[Cubism]], generated by [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]] rejected the plastic norms of the [[Renaissance]] by introducing multiple perspectives into a two-dimensional image. [[Dadaism]], with its most notable exponent, [[Marcel Duchamp]], rejected conventional art styles altogether by exhbiting [[Found object|found objects]], notably a [[Fountain (Duchamp)|urinal]]. [[Futurism]] incorporated the depiction of movement and machine age imagery. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Parallel movements in Russia were [[Suprematism]], where [[Kasimir Malevich]] also created non-representational work, notably a black canvas. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Dadaism evolved into [[Surrealism]], where the theories of [[Sigmund Freud|Freudian]] psychology led to the depiction of the dream and the unconscious in art in work by [[Salvador Dali]]. Kandinsky's introduction of non-representational art led to the [[1950s]] American [[Abstract Expressionist|Abstract Expressionist]] school, including [[Jackson Pollock]], who dripped paint onto the canvas, and [[Mark Rothko]], who created large areas of flat colour. This detachment from the world of imagery was directly challenged in the 1960s by the [[Pop Art]] movement, notably [[Andy Warhol]], where brash commercial imagery became a Fine Art staple. Warhol also minimised the role of the artist, often employing assistants to make his work and using mechanical means of production, such as [[Screen-printing|silkscreen printing]]. This marked a change from [[Modernism]] to [[Post-Modernism]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Subsequent initiatives towards the end of the century were a paring down of the material of art through [[Minimalism]] and its total rejection with [[Conceptual art]], where the idea, not the made object, was seen to be the art. The last decade of the century saw a fusion of earlier ideas in work by [[Jeff Koons]], who made large sculptures from [[kitsch]] subjects, and in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], the [[Young British Artists]], where Conceptual Art, Dada and Pop Art ideas led to [[Damien Hirst]]'s exhibition of a [[The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living|shark in formaldehyde in a vitrine]]. | ||
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| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | *[[nineteenth-century art]] | ||
| + | *[[1950s art]] | ||
| + | *[[20th century American art]] | ||
| + | *[[20th century]] | ||
| + | *[[20th-century French art]] | ||
| + | *[[20th century Western painting]] | ||
| + | *[[Classificatory disputes about art]] | ||
| + | *[[Contemporary art]] | ||
| + | *[[Faultlines in 20th century art]] | ||
| + | *[[Institutionalisation of art]] | ||
| + | *[[Late modernism]] | ||
| + | *[[Modern art]] | ||
| + | *[[Modernism]] | ||
| + | *[[New materials in 20th-century art ]] | ||
| + | *[[Postmodern art]] | ||
| + | *[[Remodernism]] | ||
| + | *[[Western painting]] | ||
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“I had scarcely entered the Salon des Indépendants when I heard shrieks of laughter coming from an adjoining wing…Suddenly I had entered a new world, a universe of ugliness…It was Matisse who took the first step into the undiscovered land of the ugly.” --"The Wild Men of Paris" (1910) by Gelett Burgess |
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Twentieth-century art can be divided in modern art (until 1970) and contemporary art (1970-2000).
The first art movements of the 20th century are Fauvism in France and Die Brücke ("The Bridge") in Germany. Fauvism in Paris introduced heightened non-representational colour into figurative painting. Die Brücke strove for emotional Expressionism. Another German group was Der Blaue Reiter ("The Blue Rider"), led by Kandinsky in Munich, who associated the blue rider image with a spiritual non-figurative mystical art of the future. Kandinsky, Kupka, R. Delaunay and Picabia were pioneers of abstract (or non-representational) art. Cubism, generated by Picasso, Braque, Metzinger, Gleizes and others rejected the plastic norms of the Renaissance by introducing multiple perspectives into a two-dimensional image. Futurism incorporated the depiction of movement and machine age imagery. Dadaism, with its most notable exponents, Marcel Duchamp, who rejected conventional art styles altogether by exhibiting found objects, notably a urinal, and too Francis Picabia, with his Portraits Mécaniques.
History
20th century art and what it became known as - Modern art, really began with Modernism in the late 19th century. Nineteenth-century movements of Post Impressionism and Art Nouveau led to the first twentieth-century art movements of Fauvism in France and Die Brücke ("The Bridge"} in Germany. Fauvism in Paris introduced heightened non-representational colour into figurative painting. Die Brücke strove for emotional Expressionism. Another German group was Der Blaue Reiter ("The Blue Rider"), led by Kandinsky in Munich, who associated the blue rider image with a spiritual non-figurative mystical art of the future. Kandinsky was a pioneer of abstract (or non-representational) art. Cubism, generated by Picasso rejected the plastic norms of the Renaissance by introducing multiple perspectives into a two-dimensional image. Dadaism, with its most notable exponent, Marcel Duchamp, rejected conventional art styles altogether by exhbiting found objects, notably a urinal. Futurism incorporated the depiction of movement and machine age imagery.
Parallel movements in Russia were Suprematism, where Kasimir Malevich also created non-representational work, notably a black canvas.
Dadaism evolved into Surrealism, where the theories of Freudian psychology led to the depiction of the dream and the unconscious in art in work by Salvador Dali. Kandinsky's introduction of non-representational art led to the 1950s American Abstract Expressionist school, including Jackson Pollock, who dripped paint onto the canvas, and Mark Rothko, who created large areas of flat colour. This detachment from the world of imagery was directly challenged in the 1960s by the Pop Art movement, notably Andy Warhol, where brash commercial imagery became a Fine Art staple. Warhol also minimised the role of the artist, often employing assistants to make his work and using mechanical means of production, such as silkscreen printing. This marked a change from Modernism to Post-Modernism.
Subsequent initiatives towards the end of the century were a paring down of the material of art through Minimalism and its total rejection with Conceptual art, where the idea, not the made object, was seen to be the art. The last decade of the century saw a fusion of earlier ideas in work by Jeff Koons, who made large sculptures from kitsch subjects, and in the UK, the Young British Artists, where Conceptual Art, Dada and Pop Art ideas led to Damien Hirst's exhibition of a shark in formaldehyde in a vitrine.
See also
- nineteenth-century art
- 1950s art
- 20th century American art
- 20th century
- 20th-century French art
- 20th century Western painting
- Classificatory disputes about art
- Contemporary art
- Faultlines in 20th century art
- Institutionalisation of art
- Late modernism
- Modern art
- Modernism
- New materials in 20th-century art
- Postmodern art
- Remodernism
- Western painting
