Joseph Marie Jacquard
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| - | '''Charles Thomas Close''' (July 5, 1940 – August 19, 2021) was an [[American painter]], visual artist, and [[photographer]]. He made massive-scale [[photorealist]] and abstract portraits of himself and others, which hang in collections internationally. Close also created photo portraits using a very large format camera. He adapted his painting style and working methods in 1988, after being paralyzed by an occlusion of the [[anterior spinal artery]]. He died on August 19, 2021. | ||
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| - | Throughout his career, Close expanded his contribution to [[portraiture]] through the mastery of such varied drawing and painting techniques as ink, graphite, pastel, watercolor, [[conté crayon]], finger painting, and stamp-pad ink on paper; printmaking techniques, such as [[Mezzotint]], [[etching]], [[woodcuts]], linocuts, and [[silkscreens]]; as well as handmade paper collage, [[Instant film|Polaroid]] photographs, [[daguerreotypes]], and [[Joseph Marie Jacquard|Jacquard]] tapestries. His early airbrush techniques inspired the development of the [[ink jet printer]]. | + | '''Joseph Marie Charles''' ''dit'' (called or nicknamed) '''Jacquard''' (7 July 1752 – 7 August 1834) was a [[French people|French]] weaver and merchant. He played an important role in the development of the earliest programmable loom (the "[[Jacquard loom]]"), which in turn played an important role in the development of other programmable machines, such as an early version of digital compiler used by [[IBM]] to develop the modern day [[computer]]. |
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| - | Close had been known for his skillful brushwork as a graduate student at Yale University. There, he emulated [[Willem de Kooning]] and seemed "destined to become a third-generation [[abstract expressionist]], although with a dash of Pop iconoclasm". After a period in which he experimented with [[Figurative art|figurative]] constructions, Close began a series of paintings derived from black-and-white photographs of a female nude, which he copied onto canvas and painted in color. As he explained in a 2009 interview with Cleveland, Ohio's ''[[The Plain Dealer]]'' newspaper, he made a choice in 1967 to make art hard for himself and force a personal artistic breakthrough by abandoning the paintbrush. "I threw away my tools", Close said. "I chose to do things I had no facility with. The choice not to do something is in a funny way more positive than the choice to do something. If you impose a limit to not do something you've done before, it will push you to where you've never gone before." One photo of [[Philip Glass]] was included in his resulting black-and-white series in 1969, redone with watercolors in 1977, again redone with stamp pad and fingerprints in 1978, and also done as gray handmade paper in 1982. | + | |
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| - | Working from a gridded photograph, he built his images by applying one careful stroke after another in multi-colors or grayscale. He worked methodically, starting his loose but regular grid from the left hand corner of the canvas. "One demonstration of the way photography became assimilated into the art world is the success of photorealist painting in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It is also called super-realism or hyper-realism and painters like [[Richard Estes]], [[Denis Peterson]], [[Audrey Flack]], and Close often worked from photographic stills to create paintings that appeared to be photographs. The everyday nature of the subject matter of the paintings likewise worked to secure the painting as a realist object." | + | |
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| - | Close said he had [[prosopagnosia]], also known as face blindness, in which he had difficulty recognizing new faces. By painting portraits, he was better able to recognize and remember faces. On the subject, Close said, "I was not conscious of making a decision to paint portraits because I have difficulty recognizing faces. That occurred to me twenty years after the fact when I looked at why I was still painting portraits, why that still had urgency for me. I began to realize that it has sustained me for so long because I have difficulty in recognizing faces." | + | |
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| - | Although his later paintings differed in method from his earlier canvases, the preliminary process remained the same. To create his [[Grid (graphic design)|grid]] work copies of photos, Close put a grid on the photo and on the canvas and copied cell by cell. Typically, each square within the grid is filled with roughly executed regions of color (usually consisting of painted rings on a contrasting background) which give the cell a perceived 'average' hue which makes sense from a distance. His first tools for this included an airbrush, rags, razor blade, and an eraser mounted on a power drill. His first picture with this method was ''Big Self Portrait'', a black and white enlargement of his face to a {{convert|107.5|x|83.5|in|cm}} canvas, made in over four months in 1968, and acquired by the [[Walker Art Center]] in 1969. He made seven more black and white portraits during this period. He has been quoted as saying that he used such diluted paint in the [[airbrush]] that all eight of the paintings were made with a single tube of [[Mars Black (pigment)|Mars Black]] acrylic. | + | |
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| - | His later work branched into non-rectangular grids, [[topographic map]] style regions of similar colors, [[CMYK]] color grid work, and using larger grids to make the cell by cell nature of his work obvious even in small reproductions. The ''Big Self Portrait'' is so finely done that even a full page reproduction in an art book is still indistinguishable from a regular photograph. | + | |
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| - | ==See also== | + | |
| - | * [[List of Chuck Close subjects]] | + | |
| - | * [[The Portrait Now]] | + | |
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Joseph Marie Charles dit (called or nicknamed) Jacquard (7 July 1752 – 7 August 1834) was a French weaver and merchant. He played an important role in the development of the earliest programmable loom (the "Jacquard loom"), which in turn played an important role in the development of other programmable machines, such as an early version of digital compiler used by IBM to develop the modern day computer.
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