1818
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| == Events == | == Events == | ||
| - | === January–March === | ||
| - | * [[January 1]] | ||
| - | ** [[Battle of Koregaon]]: Troops of the [[British East India Company]] score a decisive victory over the [[Maratha Empire]]. | ||
| - | * [[January 2]] - The British [[Institution of Civil Engineers]] is founded. | ||
| - | * [[January 3]] (21:52 UTC) – [[Venus]] [[Occultation|occults]] [[Jupiter]]. It is the last occultation of one planet by another before [[November 22]], [[2065]]. | ||
| - | * [[January 6]] – The Treaty of Mandeswar brings an end to the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], ending the dominance of [[Maratha]]s, and enhancing the power of the [[British East India Company]], which controls territory occupied by 180 million [[Demographics of India|Indians]]. | ||
| * [[January 11]] – [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]]'s ''[[Ozymandias]]'' is published pseudonymously in London. | * [[January 11]] – [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]]'s ''[[Ozymandias]]'' is published pseudonymously in London. | ||
| - | * [[February 5]] – Upon his death, King [[Charles XIII of Sweden]] (Charles II of Norway) is succeeded on both thrones by his adoptive son [[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Charles XIV/III John]], starting the Royal [[House of Bernadotte]]. | ||
| - | * [[February 12]] – [[Chile]] [[Chilean Declaration of Independence|proclaims its independence]] from Spain. | ||
| * [[March 11]] – [[Mary Shelley]]'s ''[[Frankenstein]]'' is published anonymously in London. | * [[March 11]] – [[Mary Shelley]]'s ''[[Frankenstein]]'' is published anonymously in London. | ||
| - | * [[March 15]] – [[Seminole Wars#First Seminole War|First Seminole War]]: General [[Andrew Jackson]] and his American army invade [[Florida]]. | ||
| - | * [[March 22]] – [[Easter Sunday]] in [[Western Christianity]] falls on its earliest possible date. In Western Christianity, it will not occur on this date again until [[2285]]. | ||
| === April–June === | === April–June === | ||
Revision as of 20:21, 18 December 2017
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1818 (MDCCCXVIII) was the the 818th year of the 2nd millennium, the 18th year of the 19th century, and the 9th year of the 1810s decade.
Contents |
Art and culture
Literature
Fiction
- Frankenstein published
- Thomas Bowdler publishes a censored version of Shakespeare, the Family Shakespeare, expurgating "those words and expressions... which cannot with propriety be read aloud in a family."
Non-fiction
Visual art
- Severed Heads by Théodore Géricault
- Study of Truncated Limbs by Théodore Géricault
- Elijah in the Desert by Washington Allston
- Wanderer above the Sea of Fog (1818) by Caspar David Friedrich
Music
Architecture
Births
Deaths
Events
- January 11 – Percy Bysshe Shelley's Ozymandias is published pseudonymously in London.
- March 11 – Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is published anonymously in London.
April–June
- April 1 – First Seminole War – Battle of Miccosukee, Florida: General Andrew Jackson defeats chief Kinhagee.
- April 4 – The United States Congress adopts the flag of the United States as having thirteen red and white stripes, and one star for each state (twenty), with additional stars to be added whenever a new state is added to the Union.
- April 5 – Chilean War of Independence – Battle of Maipú: Patriot rebels, led by José de San Martín, decisively defeat the Spanish Royalists.
- April 7 – Brooks Brothers, the oldest men's clothier in the United States, opens its first store on the northeast corner of Catherine and Cherry Streets in New York City, where the later South Street Seaport stands.
- April 14–August 9 – The United States Survey of the Coast operations is suspended.
- April 18 – John Ross sets sail on his ship, the Isabella, in search of the Northwest Passage. <ref>Robert Huish, The Last Voyage of Capt. Sir John Ross, R.N. to the Arctic Regions (J. Saunders, 1835) p77</ref>
- May 11
- Charles XIV of Sweden–Norway is crowned king of Sweden.
- The Old Vic Theatre is founded (as the Royal Coburg Hall) in London.
- The Westmorland Gazette is first published at Kendal in the Lake District of England; in July, Thomas De Quincey will begin a 16-month term as editor.
- June 10 – The British Parliament is dissolved by Prime Minister Jenkinson, and new elections are scheduled for August 4 for the House of Commons.<ref name=Styles>John Styles, Memoirs of the Life of the Right Hon. George Canning, Volume 2 (Thomas Tegg, 1828) pp270-273 </ref>
- June 11 – Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews, third oldest son of King George III and the future King William IV of the United Kingdom, marries Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen.<ref>John Burke, A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire (Henry Colburn Co., 1833) p xxxiii</ref>
- June 18 – At least 34 people are killed in Switzerland, when the melting of a glacier releases the natural dam of Lac de Mauvoisin, sending the waters of the lake and the Dranse River into the valley of Bagnes. <ref>Jean Frédéric Ostervald, et al., Picturesque Tour from Geneva to Milan, by Way of the Simplon (R. Ackermann, 1820) pp43-44 </ref>
July–September
- July 1 – After a war that began on November 5, 1817, the forces of the East India Company defeat Baji Rao II in battle and acquire control over the Maratha Empire. <ref>The Oriental Herald and Journal of General Literature (April 1826) p150</ref>
- July 15 – U.S. President James Monroe convenes a cabinet meeting, to discuss whether General Andrew Jackson's unauthorized invasion and conquest of Spanish Florida should be disavowed by the White House. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams persuades the President that the action is justifiable, in stopping terror caused by the Seminole tribes. <ref> Christopher H. Pyle and Richard M. Pious, The President, Congress, and the Constitution: Power and Legitimacy in American Politics ((Simon and Schuster, 1984) p294</ref>
- July 3 – Lord Byron begins work on his epic poem, Don Juan. He dies in 1824 before he can finish the poem, after finishing 16 cantos and working on the 17th. <ref>John D. Jump, Byron (Routledge, 2016) p103</ref>
- July 11 – The Bank of the United States reverses its policy of expanding credit, and sends notices to its borrowers nationwide demanding immediate repayment of balances due; the defaults during the next six months will trigger the Panic of 1819. <ref>"Congressional Register", Niles Weekly Register July 3, 1824, p251</ref>
- July 31 – The first newspaper in Cleveland, Ohio is issued by publisher Andrew Logan.<ref>W. Scott Robison, History of the City of Cleveland: Its Settlement, Rise and Progress (Robison & Cockett, 1887) p28</ref> Using the original name of the small settlement (population 172), Logan names the weekly paper The Cleaveland Gazette & Commercial Register <ref>Bob Rich, A Touch of Cleveland History: Stories from the First 200 Years (Gray & Company, 2013) p43</ref>
- August 1 – A separate Topographical Bureau of the United States Department of War established.
- August 4 – Elections are held in the United Kingdom for the House of Commons. The Tory Party, led by Prime Minister Robert Jenkinson, loses some seats but retains its control of the government. <ref name=Styles/>
- September – Sir Stamford Raffles sets out to visit Lord Hastings, Governor-General of India, to gain his approval to establish a trading station at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula (modern-day Singapore).
- September 7 – Carl III of Sweden–Norway is crowned king of Norway, in Trondheim.
- September 23 – Border markers are formally installed for the European territory of Moresnet.
October–December
- October 5 – Claudine Thévenet (known as Mary of St. Ignatius) founds the Roman Catholic order Religieuses de Jésus-Marie ("Religious of Jesus And Mary") in Lyon, France.
- October 20 – A treaty between the U.S. and the United Kingdom establishes the boundary between the U.S. and British North America as the 49th parallel, from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, also creating the Northwest Angle.
- November 11 – Anglo-Chinese College is founded by Robert Morrison in Malacca (later renamed Ying Wa College).
- November 16 – The Saint Louis Academy, which later becomes Saint Louis University, is founded by Reverend Louis William Valentine Dubourg.
- December 3 – Illinois is admitted as the 21st U.S. state.
- December 13 – Cyril VI of Constantinople quits his place as an Ecumenical Patriarch.
- December 24 – The Christmas carol "Silent Night" (Stille Nacht), with words by the priest Josef Mohr, set to music by organist Franz Xaver Gruber, is first performed at St. Nikolaus Parish Church, in Oberndorf bei Salzburg, Austria.
Date unknown
- Battle of Kafir Qala: The Afghans defeat a Persian invasion.
- The first edition of the Farmers' Almanac is published in the United States.
- The first Serbian dictionary is published by Vuk Karadžić.
- Besses o' th' Barn Brass Band is formed in Whitefield, near Manchester, by this date.
Births
January–June
[[File:Karl Marx_001.jpg|thumb|110px|right|Karl Marx]] [[File:Alexander II of Russia photo.jpg|thumb|110px|Alexander II of Russia]]
- January 30 – Artúr Görgey, Hungarian military general, politician (d. 1916)
- February 13 – Angelica Singleton Van Buren, Acting First Lady of the United States (d. 1877)
- February 14 – Frederick Douglass (his day of birth was never established; he adopted this date), American abolitionist author, statesman (d. 1895)
- February 18 – Pedro Figueredo, Cuban poet, musician, and freedom writer (d. 1870)
- March 11 – Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville, French chemist (d. 1881)
- March 15 – Mariano Álvarez, Filipino general (d. 1924)
- March 22 – John Ainsworth Horrocks, English-born explorer of South Australia (d. 1846)
- March 24 – William E. Le Roy, American admiral (d. 1888)
- April 4 – Thomas Mayne Reid, Irish-American novelist (d. 1883)
- April 8 –
- King Christian IX of Denmark (d. 1906)
- August Wilhelm von Hofmann, German chemist (d. 1892)
- April 17 – Emperor Alexander II of Russia (d. 1881)
- April 19 – Sir Arthur Elton, 7th Baronet, English writer, Liberal Party politician (d. 1883)
- May 5 – Karl Marx, German political philosopher (d. 1883)
- May 27 – Amelia Bloomer, American dress reformer, women's rights activist (d. 1894)
- June 17
- Sophie of Württemberg, Dutch queen (d. 1877)
- Charles Gounod, French composer (d. 1893)
- June 18 – Angelo Secchi, Italian astronomer (d. 1878)
July–December
[[File:Hermann Kolbe2.jpg|thumb|110px|right|Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe]] [[File:Joule James sitting.jpg|thumb|110px|right|James Prescott Joule]]
- July 1 – Ignaz Semmelweis, Hungarian physician, obstetrician (d. 1865)
- July 18
- Celadon Leeds Daboll, American merchant, inventor (d. 1866)
- Louis Gerhard De Geer, 1st Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1896)
- July 22 – J. Gregory Smith, Vermont governor (d. 1891)
- July 27 – Agostino Roscelli, Italian priest, founder of the Institute of Sisters of the Immaculata (d. 1902)
- July 30
- Emily Brontë, British novelist (d. 1848)
- Jan Heemskerk, 2-time Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1897)
- August 11 – Méry von Bruiningk, Estonian democrat (d. 1853)
- September 1 – José María Castro Madriz, first President of Costa Rica, founder of the republic (d. 1892)
- September 12 – Richard Jordan Gatling, American inventor, gunsmith (d. 1903)
- September 27 – Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe, German chemist (d. 1884)
- October 8 – John Henninger Reagan, American Confederate politician (d. 1905)
- October 15 – Irvin McDowell, American general (d. 1885)
- October 18 – Edward Ord, U.S. Army officer (d. 1883)
- November 5 – Benjamin Franklin Butler, American lawyer, politician, and general (d. 1893)
- November 9 (October 28 (O.S.)) – Ivan Turgenev, Russian writer (d. 1883)
- November 23 – József Szlávy, 6th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1900)
- November 29 – George Brown, Canadian politician (d. 1880)
- December 13 – Mary Todd Lincoln, First Lady of the United States (d. 1882)
- December 24 – James Prescott Joule, English physicist (d. 1889)
- December 27 – J. Lawrence Smith, American chemist (d. 1883)
- December 29 – King Charles Richard, English Lord (d. 1878)
Date Unknown
- Dimitrie Brătianu, 15th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1892)
- Francis Dutton, Germany-born Premier of South Australia (d. 1877)
Deaths
January–June
- January 2 – Martha Christina Tiahahu, Moluccan freedom fighter, national heroine of Indonesia (b. 1800)
- January 11 – Johann David Wyss, Swiss author (b. 1743)
- February 5 – Charles XIII/Charles II, King of Sweden and Norway (b. 1748)
- February 13 – George Rogers Clark, American Revolutionary leader (b. 1752)
- February 15 – Friedrich Ludwig, Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, Prussian general (b. 1746)
- May 2 – Herman Willem Daendels, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1762)
- May 10 – Paul Revere, American patriot, silversmith (b. 1735)
- May 26 – Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, Russian military commander (b. 1761)
- June 12 – Egwale Seyon, Emperor of Ethiopia
July–December
- August 12 – Nikolay Novikov, Russian writer (b. 1744)
- August 22 – Warren Hastings, English Governor-General of India (b. 1732)
- August 24 – James Carr (Massachusetts politician), U.S. Congressman (b. 1777)
- August 31 – Arthur St. Clair, American soldier, politician (b. 1737)
- September 1 – Robert Calder, British naval officer (b. 1745)
- September 9 – Seymour Fleming, British noblewoman (b. 1758)
- October 5 – Nancy Hanks, mother of Abraham Lincoln (b. 1784)
- October 28 – Abigail Adams, First Lady of the United States (b. 1744)
- October 28 – Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke, duc de Feltre, French marshal, politician (b. 1765)
- November 17 – Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, queen of George III of the United Kingdom (b. 1744)
- December 25 – Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon, Marshal of France (b. 1754)
- Date unknown – Ghaliyya al-Wahhabiyya, Saudi Arabian war heroine
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