1818
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| '''1818''' (MDCCCXVIII) was the the 818th year of the 2nd millennium, the 18th year of the 19th century, and the 9th year of the 1810s decade. | '''1818''' (MDCCCXVIII) was the the 818th year of the 2nd millennium, the 18th year of the 19th century, and the 9th year of the 1810s decade. | ||
| - | + | == Events == | |
| == Art and culture == | == Art and culture == | ||
| ===Literature=== | ===Literature=== | ||
| ====Fiction==== | ====Fiction==== | ||
| - | *''[[Frankenstein]]'' published | + | * [[January 11]] – Percy Bysshe Shelley's ''[[Ozymandias]]'' is published pseudonymously in London. |
| - | *[[Thomas Bowdler]] publishes a censored version of [[Shakespeare]], the ''[[Family Shakespeare]]'', expurgating "those words and expressions... which cannot with propriety be read aloud in a family." | + | * [[March 11]] – Mary Shelley's ''[[Frankenstein]]'' is published anonymously in London. |
| + | * [[July 3]] – [[Lord Byron]] begins work on his epic poem, [[Don Juan (Byron)|''Don Juan'']]. He dies in 1824 before he can finish the poem, after finishing 16 cantos and working on the 17th. | ||
| + | *The second enlarged edition of the ''[[The Family Shakespeare]]'' is published, an edited version of Shakespeare, expurgating "those words and expressions... which cannot with propriety be read aloud in a family." | ||
| ====Non-fiction==== | ====Non-fiction==== | ||
| + | *''[[Considerations on the principal events of the French Revolution]]'' by Madame de Staël | ||
| ===Visual art=== | ===Visual art=== | ||
| *''[[Heads of the Executed (Géricault) |Severed Heads]]'' by Théodore Géricault | *''[[Heads of the Executed (Géricault) |Severed Heads]]'' by Théodore Géricault | ||
| *''[[Study of Truncated Limbs]]'' by Théodore Géricault | *''[[Study of Truncated Limbs]]'' by Théodore Géricault | ||
| *''[[Elijah in the Desert]]'' by Washington Allston | *''[[Elijah in the Desert]]'' by Washington Allston | ||
| - | *''[[Wanderer above the Sea of Fog]]'' (1818) by Caspar David Friedrich | + | *''[[Wanderer above the Sea of Fog]]'' by Caspar David Friedrich |
| + | *''[[Public and Private Buildings Executed by Sir John Soane]]'' by Joseph Gandy | ||
| ===Music=== | ===Music=== | ||
| ===Architecture=== | ===Architecture=== | ||
| == Births == | == Births == | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==Deaths == | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | == Events == | ||
| - | * [[January 11]] – [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]]'s ''[[Ozymandias]]'' is published pseudonymously in London. | ||
| - | * [[March 11]] – [[Mary Shelley]]'s ''[[Frankenstein]]'' is published anonymously in London. | ||
| - | * [[July 3]] – [[Lord Byron]] begins work on his epic poem, [[Don Juan (Byron)|''Don Juan'']]. He dies in [[1824]] before he can finish the poem, after finishing 16 [[canto]]s and working on the 17th. | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | === April–June === | ||
| - | * [[April 1]] – [[Seminole Wars#First Seminole War|First Seminole War]] – Battle of [[Miccosukee, Florida]]: General [[Andrew Jackson]] defeats chief Kinhagee. | ||
| - | * [[April 4]] – The [[United States Congress]] adopts the [[flag of the United States]] as having thirteen red and white stripes, and one star for each state (twenty), with additional stars to be added whenever a new state is added to the Union. | ||
| - | * [[April 5]] – [[Chilean War of Independence]] – [[Battle of Maipú]]: Patriot rebels, led by [[José de San Martín]], decisively defeat the Spanish [[Royalist (Spanish American Independence)|Royalist]]s. | ||
| - | * [[April 7]] – ''[[Brooks Brothers]]'', the oldest men's clothier in the United States, opens its first store on the northeast corner of Catherine and Cherry Streets in New York City, where the later [[South Street Seaport]] stands. | ||
| - | * [[April 14]]–[[August 9]] – The United States Survey of the Coast operations is suspended. | ||
| - | * [[April 18]] – [[John Ross (Arctic explorer)|John Ross]] sets sail on his ship, the ''Isabella'', in search of the [[Northwest Passage]]. <ref>Robert Huish, ''The Last Voyage of Capt. Sir John Ross, R.N. to the Arctic Regions'' (J. Saunders, 1835) p77</ref> | ||
| - | * [[May 11]] | ||
| - | ** [[Charles XIV of Sweden|Charles XIV]] of [[Sweden–Norway]] is crowned king of [[Sweden]]. | ||
| - | ** ''[[The Old Vic]] Theatre'' is founded (as the ''Royal Coburg Hall'') in London. | ||
| - | ** ''[[The Westmorland Gazette]]'' is first published at [[Kendal]] in the [[Lake District]] of England; in July, [[Thomas De Quincey]] will begin a 16-month term as editor. | ||
| - | * [[June 10]] – The British Parliament is dissolved by Prime Minister Jenkinson, and new [[United Kingdom general election, 1818|elections are scheduled for August 4]] for the House of Commons.<ref name=Styles>John Styles, ''Memoirs of the Life of the Right Hon. George Canning'', Volume 2 (Thomas Tegg, 1828) pp270-273 </ref> | ||
| - | * [[June 11]] – [[William IV of the United Kingdom|Prince William]], [[Duke of Clarence and St Andrews]], third oldest son of King George III and the future King William IV of the United Kingdom, marries [[Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen]].<ref>John Burke, ''A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire'' (Henry Colburn Co., 1833) p xxxiii</ref> | ||
| - | * [[June 18]] – At least 34 people are killed in [[Switzerland]], when the melting of a glacier releases the natural dam of [[Lac de Mauvoisin]], sending the waters of the lake and the [[Dranse (Haute-Savoie)|Dranse River]] into the valley of [[Bagnes]]. <ref>Jean Frédéric Ostervald, et al., ''Picturesque Tour from Geneva to Milan, by Way of the Simplon'' (R. Ackermann, 1820) pp43-44 </ref> | ||
| - | |||
| - | === July–September === | ||
| - | * [[July 1]] – After a war that began on [[November 5]], [[1817]], the forces of the [[East India Company]] defeat [[Baji Rao II]] in battle and acquire control over the [[Maratha Empire]]. <ref>''The Oriental Herald and Journal of General Literature'' (April 1826) p150</ref> | ||
| - | * [[July 15]] – U.S. President [[James Monroe]] convenes a cabinet meeting, to discuss whether General [[Andrew Jackson]]'s unauthorized invasion and conquest of [[Spanish Florida]] should be disavowed by the White House. Secretary of State [[John Quincy Adams]] persuades the President that the action is justifiable, in stopping terror caused by the Seminole tribes. <ref> Christopher H. Pyle and Richard M. Pious, ''The President, Congress, and the Constitution: Power and Legitimacy in American Politics'' ((Simon and Schuster, 1984) p294</ref> | ||
| - | <ref>John D. Jump, ''Byron'' (Routledge, 2016) p103</ref> | ||
| - | * [[July 11]] – The [[Second Bank of the United States|Bank of the United States]] reverses its policy of expanding credit, and sends notices to its borrowers nationwide demanding immediate repayment of balances due; the defaults during the next six months will trigger the [[Panic of 1819]]. <ref>"Congressional Register", ''Niles Weekly Register'' July 3, 1824, p251</ref> | ||
| - | * [[July 31]] – The first newspaper in [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]] is issued by publisher Andrew Logan.<ref>W. Scott Robison, ''History of the City of Cleveland: Its Settlement, Rise and Progress'' (Robison & Cockett, 1887) p28</ref> Using the original name of the small settlement (population 172), Logan names the weekly paper ''The Cleaveland Gazette & Commercial Register'' <ref>Bob Rich, ''A Touch of Cleveland History: Stories from the First 200 Years'' (Gray & Company, 2013) p43</ref> | ||
| - | * [[August 1]] – A separate [[Topographical Bureau]] of the [[United States Department of War]] established. | ||
| - | * [[August 4]] – [[United Kingdom general election, 1818|Elections are held in the United Kingdom]] for the House of Commons. The Tory Party, led by Prime Minister [[Robert Jenkinson]], loses some seats but retains its control of the government. <ref name=Styles/> | ||
| - | * [[September]] – Sir [[Stamford Raffles]] sets out to visit [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Lord Hastings]], [[Governor-General of India]], to gain his approval to establish a trading station at the southern tip of the [[Malay Peninsula]] (modern-day [[Singapore]]). | ||
| - | * [[September 7]] – [[Carl III]] of [[Sweden–Norway]] is crowned king of [[Norway]], in [[Trondheim]]. | ||
| - | * [[September 23]] – Border markers are formally installed for the European territory of [[Moresnet]]. | ||
| - | === October–December === | ||
| - | * [[October 5]] – [[Claudine Thévenet]] (known as ''Mary of St. Ignatius'') founds the [[Roman Catholic]] order ''Religieuses de Jésus-Marie'' ("Religious of Jesus And Mary") in [[Lyon]], France. | ||
| - | * [[October 20]] – A [[Treaty of 1818|treaty]] between the U.S. and the United Kingdom establishes the boundary between the U.S. and [[British North America]] as the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]], from the [[Lake of the Woods]] to the [[Rocky Mountains]], also creating the [[Northwest Angle]]. | ||
| - | * [[November 11]] – [[Ying Wa College|Anglo-Chinese College]] is founded by [[Robert Morrison (missionary)|Robert Morrison]] in [[Malacca]] (later renamed Ying Wa College). | ||
| - | * [[November 16]] – The Saint Louis Academy, which later becomes [[Saint Louis University]], is founded by Reverend [[Louis William Valentine Dubourg]]. | ||
| - | * [[December 3]] – [[Illinois]] is admitted as the 21st [[U.S. state]]. | ||
| - | * [[December 13]] – [[Cyril VI of Constantinople]] quits his place as an [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarch]]. | ||
| - | * [[December 24]] – The [[Christmas carol]] "[[Silent Night]]" (''Stille Nacht''), with words by the priest [[Josef Mohr]], set to music by organist [[Franz Xaver Gruber]], is first performed at St. Nikolaus Parish Church, in [[Oberndorf bei Salzburg]], Austria. | ||
| - | |||
| - | === Date unknown === | ||
| - | * [[Battle of Kafir Qala]]: The Afghans defeat a Persian invasion. | ||
| - | * The first edition of the ''[[Farmers' Almanac]]'' is published in the United States. | ||
| - | * The first Serbian dictionary is published by [[Vuk Karadžić]]. | ||
| - | * ''[[Besses o' th' Barn Band|Besses o' th' Barn Brass Band]]'' is formed in [[Whitefield, Greater Manchester|Whitefield]], near [[Manchester]], by this date. | ||
| - | |||
| - | == Births == | ||
| - | === January–June === | ||
| - | [[File:Karl Marx_001.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Karl Marx]]]] | ||
| - | [[File:Alexander II of Russia photo.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alexander II of Russia]]]] | ||
| - | * [[January 30]] – [[Artúr Görgey]], Hungarian military general, politician (d. [[1916]]) | ||
| - | * [[February 13]] – [[Angelica Singleton Van Buren]], Acting [[First Lady of the United States]] (d. [[1877]]) | ||
| * [[February 14]] – [[Frederick Douglass]] (his day of birth was never established; he adopted this date), American abolitionist author, statesman (d. [[1895]]) | * [[February 14]] – [[Frederick Douglass]] (his day of birth was never established; he adopted this date), American abolitionist author, statesman (d. [[1895]]) | ||
| - | * [[February 18]] – [[Pedro Figueredo]], Cuban poet, musician, and freedom writer (d. [[1870]]) | + | * [[May 5]] – [[Karl Marx]], German political philosopher (d. 1883) |
| - | * [[March 11]] – [[Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville]], French chemist (d. [[1881]]) | + | * [[June 17]] - [[Charles Gounod]], French composer (d. 1893) |
| - | * [[March 15]] – [[Mariano Álvarez]], Filipino general (d. [[1924]]) | + | * [[July 30]] - [[Emily Brontë]], British novelist (d. 1848) |
| - | * [[March 22]] – [[John Ainsworth Horrocks]], English-born explorer of [[South Australia]] (d. [[1846]]) | + | * [[November 9]] – [[Ivan Turgenev]], Russian writer (d. 1883) |
| - | * [[March 24]] – [[William E. Le Roy]], American admiral (d. [[1888]]) | + | * [[April 10]] – [[Auguste Ambroise Tardieu]], French physician (d. 1879) |
| - | * [[April 4]] – [[Thomas Mayne Reid]], Irish-American novelist (d. [[1883]]) | + | * [[May 25]] – [[Jacob Burckhardt]], Swiss art historian (d. 1897) |
| - | * [[April 8]] – | + | * [[Giovanni Strazza]], Italian sculptor (d. 1875) |
| - | ** King [[Christian IX of Denmark]] (d. [[1906]]) | + | |
| - | ** [[August Wilhelm von Hofmann]], German chemist (d. [[1892]]) | + | |
| - | * [[April 17]] – Emperor [[Alexander II of Russia]] (d. [[1881]]) | + | |
| - | * [[April 19]] – [[Sir Arthur Elton, 7th Baronet]], English writer, Liberal Party politician (d. [[1883]]) | + | |
| - | * [[May 5]] – [[Karl Marx]], German political philosopher (d. [[1883]]) | + | |
| - | * [[May 27]] – [[Amelia Bloomer]], American dress reformer, women's rights activist (d. [[1894]]) | + | |
| - | * [[June 17]] | + | |
| - | ** [[Sophie of Württemberg]], Dutch queen (d. [[1877]]) | + | |
| - | ** [[Charles Gounod]], French composer (d. [[1893]]) | + | |
| - | * [[June 18]] – [[Angelo Secchi]], Italian astronomer (d. [[1878]]) | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | === July–December === | + | |
| - | [[File:Hermann Kolbe2.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe]]]] | + | |
| - | [[File:Joule James sitting.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[James Prescott Joule]]]] | + | |
| - | * [[July 1]] – [[Ignaz Semmelweis]], Hungarian physician, obstetrician (d. [[1865]]) | + | |
| - | * [[July 18]] | + | |
| - | ** [[Celadon Leeds Daboll]], American merchant, inventor (d. [[1866]]) | + | |
| - | ** [[Louis Gerhard De Geer]], 1st Prime Minister of Sweden (d. [[1896]]) | + | |
| - | * [[July 22]] – [[J. Gregory Smith]], Vermont governor (d. [[1891]]) | + | |
| - | * [[July 27]] – [[Agostino Roscelli]], Italian priest, founder of the Institute of Sisters of the Immaculata (d. [[1902]]) | + | |
| - | * [[July 30]] | + | |
| - | ** [[Emily Brontë]], British novelist (d. [[1848]]) | + | |
| - | ** [[Jan Heemskerk]], 2-time Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. [[1897]]) | + | |
| - | * [[August 11]] – [[Méry von Bruiningk]], Estonian democrat (d. [[1853]]) | + | |
| - | * [[September 1]] – [[José María Castro Madriz]], first [[President of Costa Rica]], founder of the republic (d. [[1892]]) | + | |
| - | * [[September 12]] – [[Richard Jordan Gatling]], American inventor, gunsmith (d. [[1903]]) | + | |
| - | * [[September 27]] – [[Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe]], German chemist (d. [[1884]]) | + | |
| - | * [[October 8]] – [[John Henninger Reagan]], American Confederate politician (d. [[1905]]) | + | |
| - | * [[October 15]] – [[Irvin McDowell]], American general (d. [[1885]]) | + | |
| - | * [[October 18]] – [[Edward Ord]], U.S. Army officer (d. [[1883]]) | + | |
| - | * [[November 5]] – [[Benjamin Butler (politician)|Benjamin Franklin Butler]], American lawyer, politician, and general (d. [[1893]]) | + | |
| - | * [[November 9]] ([[October 28]] (O.S.)) – [[Ivan Turgenev]], Russian writer (d. [[1883]]) | + | |
| - | * [[November 23]] – [[József Szlávy]], 6th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. [[1900]]) | + | |
| - | * [[November 29]] – [[George Brown (Canadian politician)|George Brown]], Canadian politician (d. [[1880]]) | + | |
| - | * [[December 13]] – [[Mary Todd Lincoln]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (d. [[1882]]) | + | |
| - | * [[December 24]] – [[James Prescott Joule]], English physicist (d. [[1889]]) | + | |
| - | * [[December 27]] – [[J. Lawrence Smith]], American chemist (d. [[1883]]) | + | |
| - | * [[December 29]] – [[King Charles Richard]], English Lord (d. [[1878]]) | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | ===Date Unknown=== | + | |
| - | * [[Dimitrie Brătianu]], 15th Prime Minister of Romania (d. [[1892]]) | + | |
| - | * [[Francis Dutton]], Germany-born [[Premier of South Australia]] (d. [[1877]]) | + | |
| - | + | ||
| == Deaths == | == Deaths == | ||
| - | === January–June === | ||
| - | |||
| - | * [[January 2]] – [[Martha Christina Tiahahu]], [[Moluccas|Moluccan]] freedom fighter, national heroine of Indonesia (b. [[1800]]) | ||
| - | * [[January 11]] – [[Johann David Wyss]], Swiss author (b. [[1743]]) | ||
| - | * [[February 5]] – [[Charles XIII of Sweden|Charles XIII/Charles II]], King of Sweden and Norway (b. [[1748]]) | ||
| - | * [[February 13]] – [[George Rogers Clark]], American Revolutionary leader (b. [[1752]]) | ||
| - | * [[February 15]] – [[Friedrich Ludwig, Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen]], Prussian general (b. [[1746]]) | ||
| - | * [[May 2]] – [[Herman Willem Daendels]], [[Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies]] (b. [[1762]]) | ||
| - | * [[May 10]] – [[Paul Revere]], American patriot, silversmith (b. [[1735]]) | ||
| - | * [[May 26]] – [[Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly]], Russian military commander (b. [[1761]]) | ||
| - | * [[June 12]] – [[Egwale Seyon]], Emperor of Ethiopia | ||
| - | |||
| - | === July–December === | ||
| - | * [[August 12]] – [[Nikolay Novikov]], Russian writer (b. [[1744]]) | ||
| - | * [[August 22]] – [[Warren Hastings]], English [[Governor-General of India]] (b. [[1732]]) | ||
| - | * [[August 24]] – [[James Carr (Massachusetts politician)]], U.S. Congressman (b. [[1777]]) | ||
| - | * [[August 31]] – [[Arthur St. Clair]], American soldier, politician (b. [[1737]]) | ||
| - | * [[September 1]] – [[Robert Calder]], British naval officer (b. [[1745]]) | ||
| - | * [[September 9]] – [[Seymour Fleming]], British noblewoman (b. [[1758]]) | ||
| - | * [[October 5]] – [[Nancy Hanks]], mother of [[Abraham Lincoln]] (b. [[1784]]) | ||
| - | * [[October 28]] – [[Abigail Adams]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1744]]) | ||
| - | * [[October 28]] – [[Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke]], duc de Feltre, French marshal, politician (b. [[1765]]) | ||
| - | * [[November 17]] – [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]], queen of [[George III of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1744]]) | ||
| - | * [[December 25]] – [[Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon]], [[Marshal of France]] (b. [[1754]]) | ||
| - | * Date unknown – [[Ghaliyya al-Wahhabiyya]], Saudi Arabian war heroine | ||
| + | *[[Abbé de Coulmier]], Catholic priest and abbot, and the director of the Charenton insane asylum (b. 1741) | ||
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
Revision as of 15:44, 19 December 2017
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1818 (MDCCCXVIII) was the the 818th year of the 2nd millennium, the 18th year of the 19th century, and the 9th year of the 1810s decade.
Contents |
Events
Art and culture
Literature
Fiction
- January 11 – Percy Bysshe Shelley's Ozymandias is published pseudonymously in London.
- March 11 – Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is published anonymously in London.
- July 3 – Lord Byron begins work on his epic poem, Don Juan. He dies in 1824 before he can finish the poem, after finishing 16 cantos and working on the 17th.
- The second enlarged edition of the The Family Shakespeare is published, an edited version of Shakespeare, expurgating "those words and expressions... which cannot with propriety be read aloud in a family."
Non-fiction
- Considerations on the principal events of the French Revolution by Madame de Staël
Visual art
- Severed Heads by Théodore Géricault
- Study of Truncated Limbs by Théodore Géricault
- Elijah in the Desert by Washington Allston
- Wanderer above the Sea of Fog by Caspar David Friedrich
- Public and Private Buildings Executed by Sir John Soane by Joseph Gandy
Music
Architecture
Births
- February 14 – Frederick Douglass (his day of birth was never established; he adopted this date), American abolitionist author, statesman (d. 1895)
- May 5 – Karl Marx, German political philosopher (d. 1883)
- June 17 - Charles Gounod, French composer (d. 1893)
- July 30 - Emily Brontë, British novelist (d. 1848)
- November 9 – Ivan Turgenev, Russian writer (d. 1883)
- April 10 – Auguste Ambroise Tardieu, French physician (d. 1879)
- May 25 – Jacob Burckhardt, Swiss art historian (d. 1897)
- Giovanni Strazza, Italian sculptor (d. 1875)
Deaths
- Abbé de Coulmier, Catholic priest and abbot, and the director of the Charenton insane asylum (b. 1741)
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "1818" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
