1940s  

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==Subcultures== ==Subcultures==
-[[Avant-garde]] artists like [[Max Ernst]], [[Marcel Duchamp]] and [[Marc Chagall]] fled Europe following the outbreak of World War II. These artists arrived in the United States, where a subculture of [[surrealism]] and avant-garde experimentation developed in [[New York City]], becoming the new centre of the [[art world]]. +*[[1940s subcultures]]
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-American fashion remained [[gangster]] orientated, with gangs gravitating around [[immigrant]] and [[racial]] cultures. In [[California]], [[hispanic]] youth developed the distinctive [[zoot suit]] fashion, such as the [[black widows]], women who dressed in black. The zoot suiters use of language involved [[rhyme|rhyming]] and [[pig latin]] (also known as [[backslang]]). This style, collectively known as ''[[African American Vernacular English|Swing]]'' or ''[[African American Vernacular English|Jive talk]]'' (see: [http://www.savoyballroom.com/exp/context/savtalk.htm Dictionary of Swing]), included [[Afro-American]], [[Cuban]], [[Mexican]] and [[South America]]n elements, as well as bits introduced by [[Slim Gaillard]] (see 'McVouty oreeney'').+
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-The entry of the United States into [[World War II]] was heralded by new legislation making zoot suits illegal due to the extra cloth required, resulting in the [[Zoot Suit Riots]].+
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-In Europe, [[black market|black-market]]eers prospered under [[ration]]ing. Clothing styles depended on what could be begged or acquired by some means, not necessarily legal; There were restrictions everywhere. When the Americans arrived in Britain, black-marketeers, (called [[Wide boy]]s or [[Spiv]]s) made deals with [[GI]]s for [[stocking]]s, chocolate, etc. Inevitably, subculture continued to have an image of criminality and the brave, the daring, the milieu, the resistance, etc. The black market in drugs thrived just about anywhere. +
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-After the second war, the zoot suit craze spread to [[France]] in the form of the [[Zazou]] youths. Meanwhile, the intellectuals in France were forming an [[existentialist]] subculture around [[Jean Paul Sartre]] and [[Albert Camus]] in [[Paris]] [[Coffeehouse|cafe culture]].+
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-In post-war America, [[folk song]]s and [[cowboy]] songs (also known, in those days, as [[hillbilly]] music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and [[blues]] fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a [[crossover (music)|crossover]] called [[western swing]]. Thanks to the prevalence of [[radio]], this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first ''almost instantaneous'' mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide area.+
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-[[Bebop]], a new jazz subculture, formed from the rebellion against the melodic stylings of [[swing (music)|swing]]; Notable players included [[Dizzy Gillespie]] and [[Charlie Parker]]. In turn, bebop spawned the [[hipster]] and [[beat generation]] subculture.+
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-In 1947, [[Jack Kerouac]] made an epic journey across America, which he would later describe in his novel, ''[[On the Road]]''. In the same year, there was an incident involving a motorcycle gang at [[Hollister, California]], and ''[[Harper's Magazine]]'', published a story about it. In 1948, the [[Hells Angels]] formed in [[Fontana, California]]. The Hells Angels began as a motorcycle club looking for excitement in the dull times after the end of the war and became notorious as time passed. Motorcycle gangs in general began to hit the headlines. In [[1953]]), the film, ''[[The Wild One]]'', was released starring [[Marlon Brando]].+
== Mainstream culture and religion== == Mainstream culture and religion==

Revision as of 18:06, 22 August 2007

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