1982 Lebanon War  

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-"How we got to this strange time of great uncertainty and confusion where those who are supposed to be in power are paralysed and have no idea what to do". 
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-'''''HyperNormalisation''''' is a 2016 [[BBC]] [[documentary]] by British filmmaker [[Adam Curtis]]. In the film, Curtis argues that since the 1970s, governments, financiers, and [[technological utopians]] have given up on the complex "real world" and built a simple "fake world" that is run by corporations and kept stable by politicians. The film was released on 16 October 2016 on the [[BBC iPlayer]].+The '''1982 Lebanon War''' ({{lang-he|מלחמת לבנון הראשונה}}, ''Milhemet Levanon Harishona'', "the first Lebanon war")—called '''Operation Peace for Galilee''' ({{lang-he|מבצע שלום הגליל, or מבצע של"ג}} ''Mivtsa Shlom HaGalil'' or ''Mivtsa Sheleg'';by Israel, and later known in Israel as the '''Lebanon War''' and '''First Lebanon War''', and {{lang-ar|الاجتياح}}, ''Al-ijtiyāḥ'', "the invasion") by the Arabs—began on 6 June 1982, when the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) invaded [[southern Lebanon]], after repeated attacks and counter-attacks between the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) operating in southern Lebanon and the IDF that had caused civilian casualties on both sides of the border.
- +
-==Etymology==+
-The term "hypernormalisation" is taken from [[Alexei Yurchak]]'s 2006 book ''Everything was Forever, Until it was No More: The Last Soviet Generation'', about the paradoxes of life in the [[Soviet Union]] during the 20 years before it collapsed. A professor of [[anthropology]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], he argues that everyone knew the system was failing, but as no one could imagine any alternative to the status quo, politicians and citizens were resigned to maintaining a pretence of a functioning society. Over time, this delusion became a [[self-fulfilling prophecy]] and the "fakeness" was accepted by everyone as real, an effect that Yurchak termed "hypernormalisation".+
- +
-==Chapters==+
-The film consists of nine chapters.+
- +
-===1975===+
-The [[History of New York City (1945–77)#Fiscal crisis|fiscal crisis]] in [[New York City]] and the emergence of the idea that [[financial system]]s could run society; [[shuttle diplomacy]] between then-US Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] and Middle Eastern leaders in the [[Arab-Israeli dispute]] and the subsequent retreat by [[Hafez al-Assad]] of [[Syria]]; and the onset of hypernormalisation in the Soviet Union.+
- +
-===The Human Bomb===+
-How, following the United States' involvement in the [[1982 Lebanon War]], a vengeful al-Assad made an alliance with [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] of [[Iran]]. They planned to force the US out of the [[Middle East]] by encouraging civilians to carry out [[suicide bombing]]s on American targets in the region, thereby avoiding reprisals. In February 1984, the U.S. withdrew all its troops from [[Lebanon]] because, in the words of then-US Secretary of State [[George P. Shultz]], "we became paralysed by the complexity that we faced".+
- +
-===Altered States===+
-By the mid-1980s, banks and corporations were joining up through computer networks to create a hidden system of power, and [[technological utopians]] whose roots lay in the [[counterculture of the 1960s]] also saw the internet as an opportunity to make an alternative world that was free of political and legal restraints.+
- +
-===Acid Flashback===+
-[[John Perry Barlow]]'s vision of [[cyberspace]] as the 1990s equivalent of the [[Acid Tests]]. Barlow, who had been part of the [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]] (also known as "acid") counterculture in the 1960s and founded the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]], wrote a manifesto called [[A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace]]. Addressed to politicians, it declared "the global social space we are building to be naturally independent of the tyrannies you seek to impose upon us". Two computer hackers—[[Mark Abene|Phiber Optik]] and [[Elias Ladopoulos|Acid Phreak]]—knew that in reality corporations were using the internet to exert more control over the lives of people than governments had done in the past, and they demonstrated that hierarchies did exist online by obtaining Barlow's [[credit record]] from [[TRW Inc.]] and posting it on the internet.+
- +
-===The Colonel===+
-This chapter describes the [[Reagan administration]] using [[Muammar Gaddafi]] as a pawn in their [[public relations]] (PR) strategy of creating a simplified, morally unambiguous foreign policy by blaming him for the [[1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks]] and the [[1986 Berlin discotheque bombing]] that killed US soldiers, both of which European security services attributed to Syrian intelligence agencies. Gaddafi is described as playing along for the sake of increasing his profile in the [[Arab world]] as a revolutionary. The [[1986 United States bombing of Libya]], 10 days after the disco bombing, is described as an operation carried out mainly for PR reasons, because attacking Syria would have been too risky.+
- +
-===The Truth Is Out There===+
-This chapter begins with a montage of [[unidentified flying object]] (UFO) sightings recorded by members of the public in the United States. It argues that the phenomenon surrounding UFOs in the 1990s was born out of a [[counter-intelligence]] operation designed to make the public believe that secret airborne high-technology weapons systems the US military tested during and after the [[Cold War]] were alien visitations. Top secret memos forged by the [[United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations]] were allegedly leaked to [[ufologists]] who spread the manufactured [[conspiracy theory]] of a government cover-up to the wider public. The method, called [[perception management]], aimed to distract people from the complexities of the real world. American politics are described as having become increasingly detached from reality. Curtis uses the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]] at the end of the 1980s as an example of an event that took [[Western Bloc|the West]] by surprise because reality had become less and less important. A [[Jane Fonda]] workout video is shown to illustrate that [[socialists]] had given up trying to change the real world and were instead focusing on the self and encouraging others to do the same. The video is intercut with footage of [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] and his wife, [[Elena Ceaușescu|Elena]], being executed by firing squad and buried following the [[Romanian Revolution]] in 1989.+
- +
-===Managed Outcomes===+
-[[Ulrich Beck]] is identified as a left-wing German political theorist. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, he saw the world as too complex to change, and Beck asserted that politicians should merely keep the West stable by predicting and avoiding risks. Curtis looks at [[Aladdin (BlackRock)|Aladdin]], a computer that manages about 7% of the world's financial assets, analysing the past to anticipate what may happen in the future; and how [[anti-depressant]] drugs and [[social media]] both stabilise the emotions of individuals.+
- +
-===A Cautionary Tale===+
-The start of this chapter is about the flaws of trying to predict the future by using data from the past. Curtis tells the story of how a [[card counter]] named Jess Marcum was recruited by [[Donald Trump]] to analyse the gambling habits of [[Akio Kashiwagi]] at his casino, the [[Trump Taj Mahal]], in [[Atlantic City]], after Trump had lost millions of dollars to Kashiwagi. In an effort to avert the impending bankruptcy of the casino, Marcum devised a model that predicted a way of recouping the money from Kashiwagi, who lost US$10 million. However, before he could pay, he was killed by [[yakuza]] gangsters, and the casino went bankrupt, with Trump having to sell many of his assets to the banks.+
- +
-Attention turns back to the Middle East and the [[Lockerbie Bombing]] in 1988. Curtis says that immediately after the bombing, journalists and investigators blamed Syria for carrying out the attack on behalf of Iran in revenge for the shooting down of [[Iran Air Flight 655]] by the [[United States Navy]]. It was generally accepted as true until US security agencies announced that Libya was behind the attack. Some journalists and politicians believed that the West had made the [[volte-face]] to appease Syria's leader, whom the US and the United Kingdom required as an ally in the coming [[Gulf War]].+
- +
-He focuses on the spread of suicide bombing tactics from [[Shia Islam|Shia]] to [[Sunni Islam]] and the targeting of civilians in [[Israel]] by [[Hamas]] during the 1990s. The resulting political paralysis led to a stalling of the [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process]]. It is described as an [[unintended consequence]] of Israel's response to the 1992 killing of an Israeli border guard.+
- +
-A montage is shown of clips from pre-[[9/11]] disaster films in which [[New York City]] landmarks are variously destroyed by alien invaders, [[meteorites]], and a [[tsunami]]. Curtis argues that such films were characteristic of a mood of uncertainty that pervaded the United States at the end of the 20th century.+
- +
-Curtis shows how [[Muammar Gaddafi]] was turned into the West's "new best friend."+
- +
-===A World Without Power===+
-The effect of the Iraq war wreaks havoc on the American psyche and the people retreat into cyberspace. [[Judea Pearl]] creates [[Bayesian networks]] that mimic human behavior. Judea's son, [[Daniel Pearl]] is the first American to be beheaded on a video uploaded to YouTube.+
- +
-Meanwhile, social media algorithms show information that is pleasing to its users and hence doesn't challenge previously held beliefs. Despite this, [[Occupy Wall Street]] emerges in an attempt to disrupt the system by imitating the leaderless system that the internet was once imagined to become. Using a similar method, the [[Egyptian revolution of 2011]] commenced.+
- +
-Britain, France and the U.S. turn their backs on [[Muammar Gaddafi]] once the people rise up against him. The U.S. drops bombs with drones, and then footage of Gaddafi being captured by rebels is shown.+
- +
-Neither [[Occupy Wall Street]], nor the [[Arab Spring]] turn out very well for the revolutionaries.+
- +
-In Russia, [[Vladimir Putin]] and his cabinet of political technologists create mass confusion. [[Vladislav Surkov]] uses ideas from art to turn Russian politics into a bewildering piece of theater. Donald Trump used the same techniques in his presidential campaign by using language from Occupy Wall Street and the extreme racist right-wing. Curtis asserts that Trump "defeated journalism" by rendering its fact-checking abilities irrelevant.+
- +
-The American Left's attempt to resist Trump on the internet had no effect. In fact, they were just feeding the social media corporations who valued their many additional clicks.+
- +
-Syria's revolution becomes more vicious and violent. The technique of suicide bombing that Curtis argues [[Hafez al-Assad]] introduced in order to unite the Middle East has instead torn it apart. Russia uses Surkov's concept of "non-linear warfare" to keep Syria destabilized. Russia claims to leave Syria, but doesn't.+
- +
-[[Abu Musab al-Suri]] in Syria argues terrorists should not carry out large scale attacks such as [[Osama Bin Laden]] did, but should instead carry out random small-scale attacks throughout the West to create fear and chaos, that would be more difficult to retaliate against. This destabilization of the West's psyche leads to the passing of the [[Brexit]] and the popularity of Donald Trump.+
- +
-The film closes with a montage, played over a [[Barbara Mandrell]] performance.+
- +
-Don't help me set the table+
-Cause now there's one less place+
-I won't lay mama's silver+
-For a man who won't say grace+
-If home is where the heart is+
-Then your home's on the street+
-Me, I'll read a good book+
-Turn out the lights and go to sleep+
-|author="Standing Room Only" from ''[[This Is Barbara Mandrell]]''}}+
- +
-==Clips==+
-''HyperNormalisation'' makes extensive use of footage from the [[BBC Archives|BBC archives]] and includes material shot specially for the documentary.+
- +
-It also features clips of theatrical films such as ''[[Semiotics of the Kitchen]]'' (1975), ''[[Dr. Strangelove]]'' (1964), ''[[Stalker (1979 film)|Stalker]]'' (1979), ''[[Tron]]'' (1982), ''[[Deep Impact (film)|Deep Impact]]'' (1998), ''[[Independence Day (1996 film)|Independence Day]]'' (1996), ''[[Godzilla (1998 film)|Godzilla]]'' (1998), ''[[Armageddon (1998 film)|Armageddon]]'' (1998), ''[[The Rock (film)|The Rock]]'' (1996), and ''[[Carrie (1976 film)|Carrie]]'' (1976), as well as various online videos.+
- +
-==Music==+
-Music used at any stage or repeatedly, includes:+
- +
-*[[Scuba Z]] – The Vanishing American Family+
-*[[Nine Inch Nails]] – Something I Can Never Have+
-*"02 Ghosts I" from ''[[Ghosts I–IV]]'' by [[Nine Inch Nails]]+
-*[[Yanka Dyagileva]] – My Sorrow is Bright+
-*[[Dmitri Shostakovich]] – [[Suite for Jazz Orchestra No. 2 (Shostakovich)|Suite for Jazz Orchestra No. 2]]: VI. Waltz 2, Part 6/8+
-*[[Dmitri Shostakovich]] - [[24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)]] - Prelude No. 1 in C Major+
-*[[Ennio Morricone]] – La Tragedia Di Un Uomo Ridicolo+
-*Ennio Morricone – Lontano+
-*Ennio Morricone – ''[[The Thing (1982 film)|The Thing]]'': Humanity, Part 1+
-*[[City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra]] – ''[[Poltergeist (1982 film)|Poltergeist]]'': Main Theme+
-*[[worriedaboutsatan]] – Blank Tape+
-*[[worriedaboutsatan|Thomas Ragsdale]] – Warning Mass+
-*[[Pye Corner Audio]] – The Black Mill Video Tape+
-*[[worriedaboutsatan|Gavin Miller]] – Fotograf (part 2)+
-*[[Ghosting Season]] – Far End of the Graveyard (3am version)+
-*[[Suicide (band)|Suicide]] – Dream Baby Dream+
-*[[Burial (musician)|Burial]] – In McDonalds+
-*[[Burial (musician)|Burial]] - Dog Shelter +
-*[[Burial (musician)|Burial]] – Truant+
-*[[Burial (musician)|Burial]] - Distant Lights+
-*[[Barbara Mandrell]] – Standing Room Only+
-*[[Aphex Twin]] – Blue Calx+
-*[[Brian Eno]] – On Some Faraway Beach+
-*[[Cliff Martinez]] – I'm in the Pink+
-*Cliff Martinez - Can I Sit Next to You+
-*[[Clint Mansell]] – Welcome to Lunar Industries+
-*[[John Perry Barlow]] and [[Dražen Bošnjak]] – [[Department of Records (record label)|A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace]]+
-*[[Sergei Prokofiev]] – [[Symphony No. 1 (Prokofiev)|Symphony No. 1]]+
-*[[Olivier Messiaen]] – [[Turangalila Symphony]]+
-*[[Benjamin Britten]] - [[Peter Grimes]]+
-}}+
- +
- +
==See also== ==See also==
- +* [[Israel-Lebanon relations]]
-*''[[Bitter Lake (film)|Bitter Lake]]''+* [[1978 South Lebanon conflict]]
-*[[Infotainment]]+* [[Multinational Force in Lebanon]]
-*[[Bread and circuses]]+* [[2006 Lebanon War]]
-*[[Propaganda model]]+* [[List of modern conflicts in the Middle East]]
-*[[Hyperreality]]+* [[Golan Heights Law]]
-*''[[The End of History]]''+* [[Operation Tipped Kettle]] (US-Israeli government operation transferring weapons seized by Israeli forces from the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] in Lebanon to the [[Nicaraguan Contras]].)
-*[[Postmodernity]]+
-*[[Overton Window]]+
-*[[Cybernetics]]+
-*[[Technocracy]]+
-*[[Hypercapitalism]]+
-*''[[Brave New World]]''+
-*[[Filter bubble]]+
-*[[Global War on Terror|The Long War]]+
-*[[Unintended consequences]]+
-*[[Progress trap]]+
-*''[[The Society of the Spectacle]]''+
-*[[Post-truth politics]]+
- +
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The 1982 Lebanon War (Template:Lang-he, Milhemet Levanon Harishona, "the first Lebanon war")—called Operation Peace for Galilee (Template:Lang-he Mivtsa Shlom HaGalil or Mivtsa Sheleg;by Israel, and later known in Israel as the Lebanon War and First Lebanon War, and Template:Lang-ar, Al-ijtiyāḥ, "the invasion") by the Arabs—began on 6 June 1982, when the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) invaded southern Lebanon, after repeated attacks and counter-attacks between the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) operating in southern Lebanon and the IDF that had caused civilian casualties on both sides of the border.

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Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "1982 Lebanon War" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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