Aestheticization of violence  

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 +"One ought to learn anew about [[cruelty]]," said [[Nietzsche]] (''[[Beyond Good and Evil]]'', 229), "and open one's eyes. Almost everything that we call '[[high culture|higher culture]]' is based upon the [[Aestheticization of violence|spiritualizing and intensifying of cruelty]]...." <small>[[One ought to learn anew about cruelty|more ...]]</small>
 +<hr>
 +"Never, I repeat, never shall I portray crime other than clothed in the colors of hell. I wish people to see crime laid bare, I want them to fear and detest it, and I know no other way to achieve this end than to paint it in all its horrors. Woe to those who surround it with roses! Their views are far less pure, and I shall never emulate them." --The Marquis de Sade - [[Reflections on the Novel]]
 +
 +|}
 +[[Image:Laocoön Group, Clamores horrendos detail, photo by Marie-Lan Nguyen (2009).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Illustration: ''[[Laocoön and His Sons]]'' ("[[Clamores horrendos]]" detail), photo by Marie-Lan Nguyen.]]
 +[[Image:The Raft of the Medusa (1818-19, Le Radeau de la Méduse) is a painting by the French painter Théodore Géricault.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[The Raft of the Medusa]]'' (1819) by [[Théodore Géricault]]]]
[[Image:Last Judgement (Giotto).JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Hell]] detail from [[Giotto]]'s ''[[Last Judgement (Giotto)|Last Judgement]]'']] [[Image:Last Judgement (Giotto).JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Hell]] detail from [[Giotto]]'s ''[[Last Judgement (Giotto)|Last Judgement]]'']]
[[Image:Simone Martini.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Agostino Novello]] saves a falling child [[1320s|c. 1328]] [[Simone Martini]], an example of [[art horror]]]] [[Image:Simone Martini.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Agostino Novello]] saves a falling child [[1320s|c. 1328]] [[Simone Martini]], an example of [[art horror]]]]
[[Image:The Dragon Slaying the Companions of Cadmus (1588) - Hendrick Goltzius.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[The Dragon Slaying the Companions of Cadmus]]'' [[1588]] by [[Goltzius]]]] [[Image:The Dragon Slaying the Companions of Cadmus (1588) - Hendrick Goltzius.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[The Dragon Slaying the Companions of Cadmus]]'' [[1588]] by [[Goltzius]]]]
{{Template}} {{Template}}
-:"One ought to learn anew about [[cruelty]]," said [[Nietzsche]] (''[[Beyond Good and Evil]]'', 229), "and open one's eyes. Almost everything that we call '[[high culture|higher culture]]' is based upon the [[Aestheticization of violence|spiritualizing and intensifying of cruelty]]...."  
The '''aestheticization of violence''' in [[high culture]] [[art]] or [[mass media]] is the depiction of [[violence]] in a manner that is [[excessive]] in a significant and sustained way. The '''aestheticization of violence''' in [[high culture]] [[art]] or [[mass media]] is the depiction of [[violence]] in a manner that is [[excessive]] in a significant and sustained way.
 +
==History in art== ==History in art==
===Antiquity=== ===Antiquity===
-[[Plato]] proposed to ban poets from his [[Platonic idealism|ideal]] republic because he feared that their aesthetic ability to construct attractive [[narrative]]s about immoral behaviour would corrupt young minds. Plato’s writings refer to poetry as a kind of [[rhetoric]], whose "...influence is pervasive and often harmful." Plato believed that poetry that was "unregulated by philosophy is a danger to soul and community." He warned that tragic poetry can produce "a disordered psychic regime or constitution" by inducing "a dream-like, uncritical state in which we lose ourselves in ...sorrow, grief, anger, [and] resentment. +[[Plato]] proposed to ban poets from his [[Platonic idealism|ideal]] republic because he feared that their aesthetic ability to construct attractive [[narrative]]s about immoral behaviour would corrupt young minds. Plato’s writings refer to poetry as a kind of [[rhetoric]], whose "...influence is pervasive and often harmful." Plato believed that poetry that was "unregulated by philosophy is a danger to soul and community." He warned that tragic poetry can produce "a disordered psychic regime or constitution" by inducing "a dream-like, uncritical state in which we lose ourselves in ...sorrow, grief, anger, [and] resentment."
As such, Plato was in effect arguing that "What goes on in the theater, in your home, in your fantasy life, are connected" to what you do in real life. As such, Plato was in effect arguing that "What goes on in the theater, in your home, in your fantasy life, are connected" to what you do in real life.
-[[Aristotle]], though, advocated a useful role for music, drama, and tragedy: a way for people to purge their negative emotions. Aristotle mentions [[catharsis]] at the end of his ''[[Politics (Aristotle)|Politics]]'', where he notes that after people listen to music that elicits pity and fear, they "are liable to become possessed" by these negative emotions. However, afterwards, Aristotle points out that these people return to "a normal condition as if they had been medically treated and undergone a purge [catharsis]...All experience a certain purge [catharsis] and pleasant relief. In the same manner cathartic melodies give innocent joy to men" (from ''Politics'' VIII:7; 1341b 35-1342a 8).+[[Aristotle]], though, advocated a useful role for music, drama, and tragedy: a way for people to purge their negative emotions. Aristotle mentions [[catharsis]] at the end of his ''[[Poetics (Aristotle)|Poetics]]'', where he notes that after people listen to music that elicits pity and fear, they "are liable to become possessed" by these negative emotions. However, afterwards, Aristotle points out that these people return to "a normal condition as if they had been medically treated and undergone a purge [catharsis]...All experience a certain purge [catharsis] and pleasant relief. In the same manner cathartic melodies give innocent joy to men".
 +In art, there is the example of the ''[[Laocoön and His Sons]]'' marble.
===1400s-1600s=== ===1400s-1600s===
:''[[hell in popular culture]], [[doom paintings]], [[hellmouth]]'' :''[[hell in popular culture]], [[doom paintings]], [[hellmouth]]''
Line 26: Line 36:
In the mid-18th century, [[Giovanni Battista Piranesi]], an Italian etcher, archaeologist and architect active from 1740, did imaginary etchings of prisons that depicted people stretched on racks or trapped like rats in maze-like dungeons, an aestheticization of violence and suffering. In the mid-18th century, [[Giovanni Battista Piranesi]], an Italian etcher, archaeologist and architect active from 1740, did imaginary etchings of prisons that depicted people stretched on racks or trapped like rats in maze-like dungeons, an aestheticization of violence and suffering.
===19th century=== ===19th century===
-In 1849, as revolutions raged in European streets and authorities were putting down protests and consolidating state powers, composer [[Richard Wagner]] wrote that "I have an enormous desire to practice a little artistic terrorism."+In 1849, as revolutions raged in European streets and authorities were putting down protests and consolidating state powers, composer [[Richard Wagner]] wrote that "[[I have an enormous desire to practice a little artistic terrorism]]," see ''[[Art and Revolution]]''.
[[Laurent Tailhade]] is reputed to have stated, the night before [[Auguste Vaillant]] bombed the Chamber of Deputies in 1893: "[[Qu'importent les victimes, si le geste est beau?]] [What do the victims matter, so long as the gesture is beautiful]." [[Laurent Tailhade]] is reputed to have stated, the night before [[Auguste Vaillant]] bombed the Chamber of Deputies in 1893: "[[Qu'importent les victimes, si le geste est beau?]] [What do the victims matter, so long as the gesture is beautiful]."
 +And in the visual arts, Gericault painted ''[[The Raft of the Medusa]]'' (1818-19) and further explored the dark side of human nature in such works as [[The monomanies series by Géricault|monomaniac]]s and his studies ''[[Study_of_Truncated_Limbs|Truncated Limbs]]'', ''[[Anatomical Pieces]]'' and ''[[Severed Heads (Géricault)|Severed Heads]]''. .
===20th century=== ===20th century===
In 1929 [[André Breton]]'s [[The Second Manifesto of Surrealism|Second Manifesto of Surrealism]] stated that "[[L’acte surréaliste le plus simple consiste, revolvers aux poings, à descendre dans la rue et à tirer au hasard, tant qu’on peut, dans la foule]]" [The simplest Surrealist act consists of running down into the street, pistols in hand, and firing blindly, as fast as you can pull the trigger, into the crowd]." In 1929 [[André Breton]]'s [[The Second Manifesto of Surrealism|Second Manifesto of Surrealism]] stated that "[[L’acte surréaliste le plus simple consiste, revolvers aux poings, à descendre dans la rue et à tirer au hasard, tant qu’on peut, dans la foule]]" [The simplest Surrealist act consists of running down into the street, pistols in hand, and firing blindly, as fast as you can pull the trigger, into the crowd]."
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The ''[[Grand Theft Auto (series)|Grand Theft Auto]]'' video game series is listed in the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] 2009 as the most controversial game series and has often been accused of glamorising violence. The ''[[Grand Theft Auto (series)|Grand Theft Auto]]'' video game series is listed in the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] 2009 as the most controversial game series and has often been accused of glamorising violence.
==Art horror== ==Art horror==
-[[Art horror]] is term describing [[works of art]] that can be classified as [[macabre]] or [[grotesque]]. Notable artists are [[Francisco Goya]], [[Gustave Doré]], [[Hans Holbein]], [[Jose Guadalupe Posada]], [[Matthias Grünewald]] and [[Hans Baldung Grien]]. +[[Art horror]] is term describing [[works of art]] that can be classified as [[macabre]] or [[grotesque]]. Notable artists are [[Jan Luyken]], [[Hans Holbein]], [[Hans Baldung Grien]], [[Matthias Grünewald]], [[Jacques Callot]], [[Francisco Goya]], [[Gustave Doré]] and [[Jose Guadalupe Posada]].
=== Further reading === === Further reading ===
-*[[Horror]]  
*''[[On Tragic Art]]'' by Schiller *''[[On Tragic Art]]'' by Schiller
*''[[The Tears of Eros]]'' by George Bataille *''[[The Tears of Eros]]'' by George Bataille
-*''[[Regarding the Pain of Others]]'' by Susan Sontag+*''[[Regarding the Pain of Others]]'' (2003) by Susan Sontag
-*''[[Discourse on the horror of art]]'' by Paul Virilio and Enrico Baj +*''[[Discourse on the horror of art]]'' by Paul Virilio and Enrico Baj
-*''[[Enduring Creation: Art, Pain, and Fortitude]]'' (2001) - Nigel Jonathan Spivey +
-*[[The Philosophy of Horror or Paradoxes of the Heart]] (1990) - [[Noel Carroll]] +
=== Notes === === Notes ===
-*[[Saint Catherine]] 
-*''[[La Tuerie]]'' 
-*[[Gregor Baci]] (16th century) - ?  
-*[[Saturn Devouring His Son]] (1819) - [[Francisco de Goya]]  
*[[Taddeo di Bartolo]], Die Hölle - Geiz (1396). [[San Gimignano]]. *[[Taddeo di Bartolo]], Die Hölle - Geiz (1396). [[San Gimignano]].
 +*[[The Last Judgment (Memling)]] (1467-71) - [[Hans Memling]]
*[[The Last Judgement]]. Detail: The Damned. c.1431. *[[The Last Judgement]]. Detail: The Damned. c.1431.
-*[[The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters]] (1797-98) - [[Francisco Goya]]  
*[[Apollo Flaying Marsyas]] (1637) - [[José Ribera]] (1591-1652) *[[Apollo Flaying Marsyas]] (1637) - [[José Ribera]] (1591-1652)
-*[[The Last Judgment (Memling)]] (1467-71) - [[Hans Memling]] +*[[Gregor Baci]] (16th century) - ?
 +*''[[La Tuerie]]'' (1834)
 +*[[Saturn Devouring His Son]] (1819) by [[Francisco de Goya]]
 +*[[The Disasters of War]] (1810 - 1820 ) by Francisco de Goya
 +*[[The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters]] (1797-98) by [[Francisco Goya]]
*"[[Flagellation of a Female Samboe Slave]]" by [[William Blake]] ([[1796]]). *"[[Flagellation of a Female Samboe Slave]]" by [[William Blake]] ([[1796]]).
- 
Line 68: Line 75:
*[[Anti-hero]] *[[Anti-hero]]
*[[Art as an excuse for depicting prurient interests]] *[[Art as an excuse for depicting prurient interests]]
 +*[[Art and revolution]]
*[[Art of murder|The art of murder]] *[[Art of murder|The art of murder]]
*[[Carnography]] *[[Carnography]]
Line 75: Line 83:
*[[Graphic violence]] *[[Graphic violence]]
*[[Grotesque]] *[[Grotesque]]
 +*[[Horror]]
* [[Martyrology]] * [[Martyrology]]
** ''[[Foxe's Book of Martyrs]]'' (1563), by [[John Foxe]] ** ''[[Foxe's Book of Martyrs]]'' (1563), by [[John Foxe]]
 +**[[Saint Catherine]], martyr
*[[Media violence research]] *[[Media violence research]]
 +*[[Political art]]
*[[Ultraviolence]] *[[Ultraviolence]]
*[[Violence]] *[[Violence]]

Revision as of 14:15, 18 January 2017

"One ought to learn anew about cruelty," said Nietzsche (Beyond Good and Evil, 229), "and open one's eyes. Almost everything that we call 'higher culture' is based upon the spiritualizing and intensifying of cruelty...." more ...


"Never, I repeat, never shall I portray crime other than clothed in the colors of hell. I wish people to see crime laid bare, I want them to fear and detest it, and I know no other way to achieve this end than to paint it in all its horrors. Woe to those who surround it with roses! Their views are far less pure, and I shall never emulate them." --The Marquis de Sade - Reflections on the Novel

Illustration: Laocoön and His Sons ("Clamores horrendos" detail), photo by Marie-Lan Nguyen.
Enlarge
Illustration: Laocoön and His Sons ("Clamores horrendos" detail), photo by Marie-Lan Nguyen.
Agostino Novello saves a falling child c. 1328 Simone Martini, an example of art horror
Enlarge
Agostino Novello saves a falling child c. 1328 Simone Martini, an example of art horror

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The aestheticization of violence in high culture art or mass media is the depiction of violence in a manner that is excessive in a significant and sustained way.


Contents

History in art

Antiquity

Plato proposed to ban poets from his ideal republic because he feared that their aesthetic ability to construct attractive narratives about immoral behaviour would corrupt young minds. Plato’s writings refer to poetry as a kind of rhetoric, whose "...influence is pervasive and often harmful." Plato believed that poetry that was "unregulated by philosophy is a danger to soul and community." He warned that tragic poetry can produce "a disordered psychic regime or constitution" by inducing "a dream-like, uncritical state in which we lose ourselves in ...sorrow, grief, anger, [and] resentment."

As such, Plato was in effect arguing that "What goes on in the theater, in your home, in your fantasy life, are connected" to what you do in real life.

Aristotle, though, advocated a useful role for music, drama, and tragedy: a way for people to purge their negative emotions. Aristotle mentions catharsis at the end of his Poetics, where he notes that after people listen to music that elicits pity and fear, they "are liable to become possessed" by these negative emotions. However, afterwards, Aristotle points out that these people return to "a normal condition as if they had been medically treated and undergone a purge [catharsis]...All experience a certain purge [catharsis] and pleasant relief. In the same manner cathartic melodies give innocent joy to men".

In art, there is the example of the Laocoön and His Sons marble.

1400s-1600s

hell in popular culture, doom paintings, hellmouth

The artist Hieronymus Bosch, from the fifteenth and sixteenth century, used images of demons, half-human animals and machines to evoke fear and confusion to portray the evil of man. The sixteenth-century artist Pieter Brueghel the Elder depicted nightmarish imagery that reflect, if in an extreme fashion, popular dread of the Apocalypse and Hell.

Mathis Gothart-Neithart, a German artist known as "Gruenewald" (1480-1528) depicted intense emotion and painful emotion. His painting of the Crucifixion does not spare the beholder, relentlessly bringing out terrible suffering and agony, induced by the cruelty and torture of the executioners and conveying a vivid sense of horror and pain.

Gruenewald’s ‘Isenheim Altarpiece’ also shows a violent image of Jesus on the cross, with his body covered in wounds, with the focus on Jesus’s suffering and his death.

18th century

In the mid-18th century, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, an Italian etcher, archaeologist and architect active from 1740, did imaginary etchings of prisons that depicted people stretched on racks or trapped like rats in maze-like dungeons, an aestheticization of violence and suffering.

19th century

In 1849, as revolutions raged in European streets and authorities were putting down protests and consolidating state powers, composer Richard Wagner wrote that "I have an enormous desire to practice a little artistic terrorism," see Art and Revolution.

Laurent Tailhade is reputed to have stated, the night before Auguste Vaillant bombed the Chamber of Deputies in 1893: "Qu'importent les victimes, si le geste est beau? [What do the victims matter, so long as the gesture is beautiful]."

And in the visual arts, Gericault painted The Raft of the Medusa (1818-19) and further explored the dark side of human nature in such works as monomaniacs and his studies Truncated Limbs, Anatomical Pieces and Severed Heads. .

20th century

In 1929 André Breton's Second Manifesto of Surrealism stated that "L’acte surréaliste le plus simple consiste, revolvers aux poings, à descendre dans la rue et à tirer au hasard, tant qu’on peut, dans la foule" [The simplest Surrealist act consists of running down into the street, pistols in hand, and firing blindly, as fast as you can pull the trigger, into the crowd]."

The German avant-garde composer Karlheinz Stockhausen echoed Tailhade and Breton when he called the terrorist attacks of September 11th the "greatest piece of art there has ever been".

Many types of media have been accused of glamorising violence, for example the film A Clockwork Orange by Stanley Kubrick or The Matrix.

The Grand Theft Auto video game series is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records 2009 as the most controversial game series and has often been accused of glamorising violence.

Art horror

Art horror is term describing works of art that can be classified as macabre or grotesque. Notable artists are Jan Luyken, Hans Holbein, Hans Baldung Grien, Matthias Grünewald, Jacques Callot, Francisco Goya, Gustave Doré and Jose Guadalupe Posada.

Further reading

Notes


See also




Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Aestheticization of violence" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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