Akhenaten  

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'''Akhenaten''' was a [[pharaoh]] of the [[Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt]] who ruled for 17 years and died perhaps in 1336 BC or 1334 BC. He is especially noted for abandoning traditional Egyptian polytheism and introducing worship centered on the [[Aten]], which is sometimes described as [[monotheism|monotheistic]] or [[henotheistic]]. An early inscription likens the Aten to the sun as compared to stars, and later official language avoids calling the Aten a god, giving the [[solar deity]] a status above mere gods. '''Akhenaten''' was a [[pharaoh]] of the [[Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt]] who ruled for 17 years and died perhaps in 1336 BC or 1334 BC. He is especially noted for abandoning traditional Egyptian polytheism and introducing worship centered on the [[Aten]], which is sometimes described as [[monotheism|monotheistic]] or [[henotheistic]]. An early inscription likens the Aten to the sun as compared to stars, and later official language avoids calling the Aten a god, giving the [[solar deity]] a status above mere gods.
 +
 +==In the arts==
 +[[File:AkhnatonCairoCast.png|thumb|upright|Drawing of Akhnaton Cairo Cast]]
 +
 +===Plays===
 +* [[Agatha Christie]]: play, ''[[Akhnaton (play)|Akhnaton]]'' (written in 1937, published by [[Dodd, Mead and Company]] [New York], 1973, ISBN 0-396-06822-7; [[William Collins (publisher)|Collins]] [London], 1973, ISBN 0-00-211038-5)
 +
 +===Novels===
 +* [[Michael Asher (explorer)|Michael Asher]]: ''[[The Eye of Ra]]'' A mystery novel by the noted desert explorer, citing the legendary lost oasis of Zaerzura as the secret burying place of Akhenaten
 +* [[Thomas Mann]], in his fictional biblical tetralogy ''[[Joseph and His Brothers]]'' (1933–1943), makes Akhenaten the "dreaming pharaoh" of Joseph's story.
 +* [[Tom Holland (author)|Tom Holland]]: ''[[The Sleeper in the Sands]]'' (Little, Brown & Company, 1998, ISBN 0-316-64480-3)
 +* [[Mika Waltari]]: ''[[The Egyptian]]'', first published in Finnish (''Sinuhe egyptiläinen'') in 1945, translated by [[Naomi Walford]] ([[G.P. Putnam's Sons]], 1949, ISBN 0-399-10234-5; [[Chicago Review Press]], 2002, paperback, ISBN 1-55652-441-2)
 +* [[David Stacton]]: ''[[On a Balcony]]'', London House & Maxwell, 1958
 +* [[Gwendolyn MacEwen]]: ''[[King of Egypt, King of Dreams]]'' (1971, ISBN 1-894663-60-8)
 +* [[Allen Drury]]: ''[[A God Against the Gods]]'' (Doubleday, 1976) and ''[[Return to Thebes]]'' (Doubleday, 1976)
 +* [[Philip K. Dick]]: ''[[VALIS]]'' (1981) under the name Ikhnathon.
 +* [[Naguib Mahfouz]]: ''[[Akhenaten, Dweller in Truth]]'' (العائش فى الحقيقة) (1985)
 +* [[Andree Chedid]]: ''Akhenaten and Nefertiti's Dream''
 +* [[Wolfgang Hohlbein]]: ''Die Prophezeihung'' (''The Prophecy''), in which Echnaton is killed by Ay and curses him into eternal life until a prophecy is fulfilled.
 +* [[Moyra Caldecott]]: ''[[Akhenaten: Son of the Sun]]'' (1989; eBook, 2000, ISBN 1-899142-86-X; 2003, ISBN 1-899142-25-8)
 +* [[P.B. Kerr]]: ''[[The Akhenaten Adventure]]'' Akhenaten is said to be the holder of 70 lost [[Djinn]]
 +* [[Pauline Gedge]]: ''The Twelfth Transforming'' (1984), set in the reign of Akhenaten, details the construction of Akhetaten and fictionalized accounts of his sexual relationships with Nefertiti, Tiye and successor [[Smenkhkare]].
 +* [[Dorothy Porter]]: [[verse novel]], ''Akhenaten'' (1991)
 +* [[Judith Tarr]]: ''[[Pillar of Fire (book)|Pillar of Fire]]'' (1995)
 +* [[Lynda Robinson]]: [[mystery fiction|mystery]], ''[[Drinker of Blood]]'' (2001, ISBN 0-446-67751-5)
 +* [[Gilbert Sinoue]]: ''Akhenaton, Le Dieu Maudit'' (''Akhenaten, the Cursed God'') (2005, ISBN 2-07-030033-1)
 +* Spelled 'Akenhaten', he appears as a major character in the first of a trilogy of historical novels by [[P. C. Doherty]], ''An Evil Spirit out of the West''.
 +* [[Michelle Moran]]: ''[[Nefertiti (book)|Nefertiti]]'' (2007)
 +* [[Barbara Wood]]: ''[[Watch of Gods]]''
 +* [[Kerry Greenwood]]: ''[[Out of the Black Land]]'' (2010, ISBN 1-464-20038-6)
 +* [[Lucile Morrison]]: ''[[The Lost Queen of Egypt]]'' (Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1937), although this young adult novel is about Akhenaten's daughter, spelled 'Ankhsenpaaten', later 'Ankhsenamon', he appears as a character until his death in chapter 16.
 +
 +===Music===
 +* ''Ikhnaton'' is referenced in the title of a section of the epic [[progressive rock]] song "[[Supper's Ready]]" by the English rock band [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]] on their album ''[[Foxtrot (album)|Foxtrot]]'' (1972). The section is named "Ikhnaton and Itsacon and their band of Merry Men".
 +* [[Philip Glass]]: [[opera]], ''[[Akhnaten (opera)|Akhnaten]]'': An Opera in Three Acts (1983; CBS Records, 1987)
 +* "Akhenaten", track on [[Julian Cope]]'s 1992 album ''[[Jehovahkill]]''.
 +* "Akhénaton", name of one of the members of the French rap group IAM; also records under this name and produces other rappers under this name.
 +* Akhenaten is mentioned in the song lyrics to "Dream of Amarna" (Written in December 1998) on the demo album compact disc, "The Aten Shines Again" by Leo-Neferuaten Boyle (2002).
 +* "Son Of The Sun" by Swedish Symphonic Metal band [[Therion (band)|Therion]] on the album ''[[Sirius B (album)|Sirius B]]'' (2004).
 +* "Cast Down the Heretic" by the [[death metal]] band [[Nile (band)|Nile]] on the album ''[[Annihilation of the Wicked]]'' (2005).
 +* "Sadness of Echnaton Losing the World Child" by [[Tangerine Dream]], appearing first on the album ''[[One Times One]]'' (2007).
 +* "Cursing Akhenaten" by the [[metalcore]] band [[After The Burial]] on the album ''[[Rareform]]'' (2008).
 +* [[Roy Campbell, Jr.]], ''The [[Akhenaten Suite]] - A Modern Jazz Epic''
 +* Akhenaten is featured on the album cover of ''[[Those Whom the Gods Detest]]'' by the band Nile (2009).
 +* "Night Enchanted" by the [[Trans-Siberian Orchestra]] on the 2009 album ''[[Night Castle]]''.
 +* ''Akhnaten, Dweller in Truth'' is a work for Piano, Cello and Orchestra by [[Mohammed Fairouz]] (2011).
 +* ''Akhenaton Symphony'' by Otacílio Melgaço (2014).
 +===Film===
 +* ''[[The Egyptian (motion picture)|The Egyptian]]'', [[motion picture]] (1954, directed by [[Michael Curtiz]], Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation), based on the novel by Mika Waltari.
 +* ''[[Nefertiti, Queen of the Nile]]'', [[motion picture]] (1961, directed by [[Fernando Cherchio]], starring [[Jeanne Crain]] and [[Vincent Price]]). Akhenaten, played by [[Amedeo Nazzari]], is called "Amonophis" in the film.
 +* ''[[La Reine Soleil]]'' (2007 animated film by Philippe Leclerc), features Akhenaten, Tutankhaten (later Tutankhamun), Akhesa (Ankhesenepaten, later Ankhesenamun), Nefertiti, and Horemheb in a complex struggle pitting the priests of Amun against Akhenaten's intolerant monotheism.
 +*Donald Redford's excavation of one Akhenaten's temples was the subject of a one-hour 1980 [[National Film Board of Canada]] documentary, ''The Lost Pharaoh: The Search for Akhenaten''.
 +* ''[[Ancient Aliens]]'' Season 1 Episode 2 "The Visitors". The episode proposes that Akhenaten past may not be what we know. [http://www.history.com/shows/ancient-aliens/episodes/season-1 [99<nowiki>]</nowiki>] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=we613QbOknk [100<nowiki>]</nowiki>]
 +
 +===Other===
 +* [[Edgar P. Jacobs]]: [[comic book]], ''[[The Mystery of the Great Pyramid, Volume 1: Manetho's Papyrus|Blake et Mortimer: Le Mystère de la Grande Pyramide vol. 1+2]] (1950), adventure story in which the mystery of Akhenaten provides much of the background.
 +* [[Joshua Norton, artist|Joshua Norton]]: ''Die! Akhnaten Die!'' series of sequential woodcut prints and book recreates the story of Akhenaten as a Wild West tale.
 +* [[The Secret World]], main antagonist of the Egypt storyline mission (Black Sun, Red Sand).
 +
 +==Ancestry==
 +{{Ahnentafel top|width=100%}}
 +{{Ahnentafel-compact5
 +|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
 +|border=1
 +|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
 +|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
 +|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
 +|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
 +|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
 +|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
 +|1= 1. '''Akhenaten'''
 +|2= 2. [[Amenhotep III]]
 +|3= 3. [[Tiye]]
 +|4= 4. [[Thutmose IV]]
 +|5= 5. [[Mutemwiya]]
 +|6= 6. [[Yuya]]
 +|7= 7. [[Tjuyu]]
 +|8= 8. [[Amenhotep II]]
 +|9= 9. [[Tiaa]]
 +|16= 16. [[Thutmose III]]
 +|17= 17. [[Merytre-Hatshepsut]]
 +}}</center>
 +{{Ahnentafel bottom}}
 +
 +==See also==
 +*[[Pharaoh of the Exodus]]
 +*[[Osarseph]]
 +
 +==Notes and references==
 +
 +=== Notes ===
 +{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 +
 +===Bibliography===
 +* [[Jürgen von Beckerath]], Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz, (1997)
 +*Berman, Lawrence. 'Overview of Amenhotep III and His Reign,' and Raymond Johnson, 'Monuments and Monumental Art under Amenhotep III' in 'Amenhotep III: Perspectives on his Reign' 1998, ed: David O'Connor & Eric Cline, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 0-472-10742-9
 +* Rosalie David, Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt, Facts on File Inc., 1998
 +* Edward Chaney, 'Freudian Egypt’, ''The London Magazine'', April/May 2006, pp.&nbsp;62–69.
 +* Edward Chaney,‘Egypt in England and America: The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Revolution’, in ''Sites of Exchange: European Crossroads and Faultlines'', eds. M. Ascari and A. Corrado (Amsterdam, Rodopi, 2006), pp.&nbsp;39–69.
 +* Peter Clayton, Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames and Hudson, 2006
 +* {{Cite book|author=Trigger, B.G, Kemp, B.G, O'Conner, D and Lloyd, A.B|title=Ancient Egypt, A Social History|year=2001|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}
 +* [[William L. Moran]], The Amarna Letters, [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 1992
 +* Trevor Bryce, The ''Kingdom of the Hittites'', Clarendon Press, 1998.
 +* A.R. Schulman, "The Nubian War of Akhenaten" in L'Egyptologie en 1979: Axes prioritaires de recherchs II (Paris: 1982)
 +* {{Cite web|url=http://history.memphis.edu/murnane/Allen%20-%20Amarna%20Succession.pdf|format=PDF|title=The Amarna Succession|author=James H. Allen|year=2006|accessdate=2008-06-23 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080528234949/http://history.memphis.edu/murnane/Allen+-+Amarna+Succession.pdf |archivedate = May 28, 2008}}
 +*Nicholas Reeves, ''Akhenaten: Egypt's False Prophet'', Thames & Hudson, 2000
 +*{{Cite book
 + | last = Montserrat
 + | first = Dominic
 + | authorlink = Dominic Montserrat
 + | title = Akhenaten: History, Fantasy and ancient Egypt
 + | year = 2000
 + | publisher = Routledge
 + | oclc = 0-415-30186-6}}
 +*{{Cite journal| first = Arielle| last =Kozloff| title=Bubonic Plague in the Reign of Amenhotep III?|journal=KMT|volume=17|issue=3|year=2006}}
 +*{{Cite journal|author=Choi B, Pak A |title=Lessons for surveillance in the 21st century: a historical perspective from the past five millennia |journal=Soz Praventivmed |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=361–8 |year=2001 |pmid=11851070 |doi=10.1007/BF01321662}}
 +*{{Cite journal|author=Shortridge K |title=Pandemic influenza: a zoonosis? |journal=Semin Respir Infect |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=11–25 |year=1992 |pmid=1609163}}
 +*{{Cite journal|author=Webby R, Webster R |title=Emergence of influenza A viruses |journal=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |volume=356 |issue=1416 |pages=1817–28 |year=2001 |pmid=11779380 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0997 |pmc=1088557}}
 +
 +===Further reading===
 +*{{Cite book
 + | last = Aldred
 + | first = Cyril
 + | authorlink = Cyril Aldred
 + | title = Akhenaten: King of Egypt
 + | origyear = 1988
 + | year = 1991
 + | publisher = Thames & Hudson
 + | isbn = 0-500-27621-8}}
 +* {{cite book |last=Aldred |first=Cyril |authorlink= Cyril Aldred |title = Akhenaten and Nefertiti | year = 1973 | publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London}}
 +* {{cite book |last=Aldred |first=Cyril |authorlink= Cyril Aldred |title = The Egyptians| year = 1984| publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London}}
 +*{{Cite book
 + | last = Bilolo
 + | first = Mubabinge
 + | authorlink = Mubabinge Bilolo
 + | title = Le Créateur et la Création dans la pensée memphite et amarnienne. Approche synoptique du Document Philosophique de Memphis et du Grand Hymne Théologique d'Echnaton
 + | origyear = 1988
 + | edition = new
 + | year = 2004
 + | publisher = Academy of African Thought
 + | location = Munich-Paris
 + | language = French
 + | chapter = Sect. I, vol. 2
 + }}
 +
 +* {{Cite book
 + | last = El Mahdy
 + | first = Christine
 + | authorlink = Christine El Mahdy
 + | title = Tutankhamen: The Life and Death of a Boy King
 + | year = 1999
 + | publisher = Headline
 + | isbn = 0-7472-6000-1}}
 +*{{Cite book
 + | author = Rita E. Freed, Yvonne J. Markowitz, and Sue H. D'Auria (ed.)
 + | authorlink = Boston Museum of Fine Arts
 + | title = Pharaohs of the Sun: Akhenaten - Nefertiti - Tutankhamen
 + | year = 1999
 + | publisher = Bulfinch Press
 + | isbn = 0-8212-2620-7}}
 +* Gestoso Singer, Graciela (2008) [http://www.uca.edu.ar/esp/sec-ffilosofia/esp/docs-institutos/s-cehao/otras_public/gestoso_monog.pdf ''El Intercambio de Bienes entre Egipto y Asia Anterior. Desde el reinado de Tuthmosis III hasta el de Akhenaton'' Free Access] {{es icon}} Ancient Near East Monographs, Volume 2.Buenos Aires, Society of Biblical Literature - CEHAO. ISBN 978-987-20606-4-0
 +* Holland, Tom, ''The Sleeper in the Sands'' (novel), (Abacus, 1998, ISBN 0-349-11223-1), a fictionalised adventure story based closely on the mysteries of Akhenaten's reign
 +* [[Erik Hornung|Hornung, Erik]], ''Akhenaten and the Religion of Light'', translated by David Lorton, Cornell University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8014-3658-3
 +* Najovits, Simson. Egypt, Trunk of the Tree, Volume I, The Contexts, Volume II, The Consequences, Algora Publishing, New York, 2003 and 2004. On Akhenaten: Vol. II, Chapter 11, pp.&nbsp;117–173 and Chapter 12, pp.&nbsp;205–213
 +* [[Donald B. Redford|Redford, Donald B.]], ''Akhenaten: The Heretic King'' (Princeton University Press, 1984, ISBN 0-691-03567-9)
 +*{{Cite book
 + | last = Reeves
 + | first = Nicholas
 + | authorlink = Nicholas Reeves
 + | title = Akhenaten: Egypt's False Prophet
 + | year = 2001
 + | publisher = Thames and Hudson
 + | isbn = 0-500-05106-2
 + }}
 +*{{Cite book
 + | last = Stevens
 + | first = Anna
 + | title = Akhenaten’s workers : the Amarna Stone village survey, 2005-2009. Volume I, The survey, excavations and architecture
 + | year = 2012
 + | publisher = Egypt Exploration Society
 + | isbn = 978-0-85698208-8
 + }}
 +
 +==External links==
 +{{Wikiquote}}
 +{{Commons category}}
 +*{{In Our Time|Akhenaten|b00mwsly|Akhenaten}}
 +*[http://www.comparative-religion.com/ancient/akhenaten.php Akhenaten and the Hymn to the Aten]
 +*[http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~rgrosser/amarna/neywetaten/index.htm The City of Akhetaten]
 +*[http://www.maat.sofiatopia.org/aten.htm The Great Hymn to the Aten]
 +*[http://www.mansooramarnacollection.com/ M.A. Mansoor Amarna Collection]
 +*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7209472.stm Grim secrets of Pharaoh's city] BBC
 +*[http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/303/7/638 Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun's Family] Hawass
 +*[http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/belief-akhenaten/ Belief Of Akhenaten - The introduction of a New Note into the Religious Thought of the World]
 +*[http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/LongCoregency.pdf The Long Coregency Revisited: the Tomb of Kheruef] by Peter Dorman, [[University of Chicago]]
 +* [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/09/tut-dna/tut-family-tree Royal Relations, Tut’s father is very likely Akhenaten. National Geographic 09. 2010]
 +
 +{{Authority control|LCCN=n/80/44801}}
 +
 +{{Amarna Period}}
 +{{Pharaohs |new}}
 +{{Tutankhamun |collapsed}}
 +{{Ancient Near East}}
 +
{{GFDL}} {{GFDL}}

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Akhenaten was a pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt who ruled for 17 years and died perhaps in 1336 BC or 1334 BC. He is especially noted for abandoning traditional Egyptian polytheism and introducing worship centered on the Aten, which is sometimes described as monotheistic or henotheistic. An early inscription likens the Aten to the sun as compared to stars, and later official language avoids calling the Aten a god, giving the solar deity a status above mere gods.

Contents

In the arts

thumb|upright|Drawing of Akhnaton Cairo Cast

Plays

Novels

Music

Film

Other

Ancestry

Template:Ahnentafel top Template:Ahnentafel-compact5</center> Template:Ahnentafel bottom

See also

Notes and references

Notes

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

  • Jürgen von Beckerath, Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz, (1997)
  • Berman, Lawrence. 'Overview of Amenhotep III and His Reign,' and Raymond Johnson, 'Monuments and Monumental Art under Amenhotep III' in 'Amenhotep III: Perspectives on his Reign' 1998, ed: David O'Connor & Eric Cline, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 0-472-10742-9
  • Rosalie David, Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt, Facts on File Inc., 1998
  • Edward Chaney, 'Freudian Egypt’, The London Magazine, April/May 2006, pp. 62–69.
  • Edward Chaney,‘Egypt in England and America: The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Revolution’, in Sites of Exchange: European Crossroads and Faultlines, eds. M. Ascari and A. Corrado (Amsterdam, Rodopi, 2006), pp. 39–69.
  • Peter Clayton, Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames and Hudson, 2006
  • Template:Cite book
  • William L. Moran, The Amarna Letters, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992
  • Trevor Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites, Clarendon Press, 1998.
  • A.R. Schulman, "The Nubian War of Akhenaten" in L'Egyptologie en 1979: Axes prioritaires de recherchs II (Paris: 1982)
  • {{
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Further reading

External links

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