Antisemitism in the Arab world
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| - | The term '''red-green-brown alliance''', originating in France, refers to the alleged alliance of [[Left-wing politics|Leftists]] (''red''), [[Islamism|Islamists]] (''green''), and [[nationalism|Ultranationalists]] (''brown''). The term is often used in a broad sense to refer to [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] and/or [[Anti-Americanism|anti-American]] anti-western views shared by disparate groups and movements. | ||
| - | French essayist [[Alexandre del Valle]] wrote of "une alliance idéologique ... rouge-brun-vert" (''a red-green brown ... ideology'') in an April 22, 2002 article in the newspaper ''[[Le Figaro]]'', and wrote "Rouges-Bruns-Verts, l'étrange alliance", in a January 2004 article in the magazine ''Politique Internationale''. | + | Traditionally, [[Jews]] in the [[Muslim world]] were considered to be [[People of the Book]] and were given ''[[dhimmi]]'' status. They were afforded relative security against persecution provided they did not contest the inferior social and legal status imposed on them. Such protection was missing for non-Christians in most of Europe until the institutionalisation of equality after the [[French Revolution]]. |
| - | Del Valle's conceptual rendering of Islamist ideological trends appears to be based, at least partially, on earlier writings in which he had charged the United States and western Europe with favouring the "war machine" of "armed Islamism" via its funding of the Afghani [[mujahideen]] during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] during the presidency of [[Ronald Reagan]], which helped future enemies of the West.. In 2010, Del Valle published in Italy an essay entitled "Rossi, Neri, Verdi: a convergenza degli Estremi opposti" (Red, Black, Green: The meeting of extreme opposites.) | + | Antisemitism in the Arab world has increased greatly in modern times, for many reasons: the breakdown of the Ottoman Empire and traditional Islamic society; European influence, brought about by Western [[imperialism]] and [[Arab Christians]]; [[Nazi propaganda]]; resentment over Jewish nationalism (see [[Zionism]]); and the rise of Arab nationalism. |
| - | The later popularity of the ''red-green-brown'' theory (and its various permutations) derives mainly from a speech given by [[Roger Cukierman]], president of the French Jewish organization [[Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France|CRIF]], to a CRIF banquet on January 25, 2003, and given wide circulation by a January 27/28 2003 article in ''[[Le Monde]]''. Cukierman used the French term "alliance brun-vert-rouge" to describe the antisemitic alignment supposedly shared by "an extreme right nostalgic for racial hierarchies" (symbolized by the color [[Sturmabteilung|brown]]), "an extreme left [which is] anti-globalist, anti-capitalist, anti-American [and] anti-Zionist" (red), and followers of [[José Bové]] (green). | + | While there were antisemitic incidents in the early twentieth century, antisemitism increased dramatically as a result of the Arab-Israeli conflict. After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the Palestinian exodus, the creation of the state of Israel, and [[Israel]]i victories during the wars of [[Suez Crisis#Invasion|1956]] and [[Six day war|1967]] were a severe humiliation to Israel's opponents - primarily Egypt, Syria and Iraq. However, by the mid 1970s the vast majority of Jews had [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries|left Arab and Muslim countries]], moving primarily to Israel, France and the United States. The reasons for the exodus are varied and disputed. |
| - | ==See also== | + | By the 1980s, according to Bernard Lewis, the volume of antisemitic literature published in the Arab world, and the authority of its sponsors, seemed to suggest that classical antisemitism had become an essential part of Arab intellectual life, considerably more than in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century France, and to a degree that has been compared to [[Nazi Germany]]. |
| - | *[[Anti-Americanism]] | + | |
| - | *[[Antisemitism in the Arab world]] | + | The rise of [[political Islam]] during the 1980s and afterwards provided a new mutation of [[Islamic antisemitism]], giving the hatred of Jews a religious component. |
| - | *[[Euston Manifesto]] | + | |
| - | *[[:Islam and antisemitism]] | + | In their 2008 report on contemporary Arab-Muslim antisemitism, the Israeli [[Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center]] dates the beginning of this phenomenon to the spread of classic European [[Christian antisemitism]] into the Arab world starting in the late 19th century. In 2014 the [[Anti-Defamation League]] published a global survey of worldwide antisemitic attitudes, reporting that in the Middle East, 74% of adults agreed with a majority of the survey's eleven antisemitic propositions, including that "Jews have too much power in international financial markets" and that "Jews are responsible for most of the world's wars." |
| - | *[[Islamization]] | + | == See also == |
| - | *[[National-Anarchism]] | + | *[[Dhimmi]] |
| - | *[[New antisemitism]] | + | *[[Covenant of Umar I]] |
| - | *[[Political colour]] | + | *[[Pact of Umar II]] |
| - | *[[Post–September 11 anti-war movement#Allegations of anti-Americanism and anti-Semitism within the European anti-war movement]] | + | *[[Jizya]] |
| - | *[[Red–green alliance]] | + | *[[Mellah]] |
| - | *[[RESIST (electoral list)]] | + | *[[Qutbism]] |
| + | *[[Racism in the Arab world]] | ||
| + | *[[Islam and antisemitism]] | ||
| + | *[[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim lands]] | ||
| + | *[[Contemporary imprints of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|Contemporary imprints of ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'']] | ||
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Revision as of 13:02, 4 February 2017
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Traditionally, Jews in the Muslim world were considered to be People of the Book and were given dhimmi status. They were afforded relative security against persecution provided they did not contest the inferior social and legal status imposed on them. Such protection was missing for non-Christians in most of Europe until the institutionalisation of equality after the French Revolution.
Antisemitism in the Arab world has increased greatly in modern times, for many reasons: the breakdown of the Ottoman Empire and traditional Islamic society; European influence, brought about by Western imperialism and Arab Christians; Nazi propaganda; resentment over Jewish nationalism (see Zionism); and the rise of Arab nationalism.
While there were antisemitic incidents in the early twentieth century, antisemitism increased dramatically as a result of the Arab-Israeli conflict. After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the Palestinian exodus, the creation of the state of Israel, and Israeli victories during the wars of 1956 and 1967 were a severe humiliation to Israel's opponents - primarily Egypt, Syria and Iraq. However, by the mid 1970s the vast majority of Jews had left Arab and Muslim countries, moving primarily to Israel, France and the United States. The reasons for the exodus are varied and disputed.
By the 1980s, according to Bernard Lewis, the volume of antisemitic literature published in the Arab world, and the authority of its sponsors, seemed to suggest that classical antisemitism had become an essential part of Arab intellectual life, considerably more than in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century France, and to a degree that has been compared to Nazi Germany.
The rise of political Islam during the 1980s and afterwards provided a new mutation of Islamic antisemitism, giving the hatred of Jews a religious component.
In their 2008 report on contemporary Arab-Muslim antisemitism, the Israeli Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center dates the beginning of this phenomenon to the spread of classic European Christian antisemitism into the Arab world starting in the late 19th century. In 2014 the Anti-Defamation League published a global survey of worldwide antisemitic attitudes, reporting that in the Middle East, 74% of adults agreed with a majority of the survey's eleven antisemitic propositions, including that "Jews have too much power in international financial markets" and that "Jews are responsible for most of the world's wars."
See also
- Dhimmi
- Covenant of Umar I
- Pact of Umar II
- Jizya
- Mellah
- Qutbism
- Racism in the Arab world
- Islam and antisemitism
- Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim lands
- Contemporary imprints of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
