Baphomet  

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 +"The [[goat]] which is represented in our frontispiece bears upon his forehead the sign of the [[pentagram]] with one point in the [[ascendant]], which is sufficient to distinguish him as a symbol of the light ; he makes the sign of [[occultism]] with both hands, pointing upward to the white moon of [[Chesed]], and downward to the black moon of [[Geburah]]. This sign expresses the perfect harmony of mercy with justice. One of the arms is feminine and the other masculine, as in the androgyne of [[Khunrath]], whose attributes we have combined with those of our goat, since they are one and the same symbol. The torch of intelligence burning between the horns is the magical light of universal equilibrium; it is also the type of the soul exalted above matter, even while connecting with matter, as the flame connects with the torch. The hideous head of the animal expresses horror of sin, for which the material agent, alone responsible, must alone and for ever bear the penalty, because the soul is impassible in its nature, and can suffer only by materialising. The [[caduceus]], which replaces the [[generative organ]], represents [[eternal life]]; the scale-covered belly typifies water ; the circle above it is the atmosphere ; the feathers still higher up signify the volatile ; lastly, humanity is depicted by the two breasts and the androgyne arms of this sphinx of the [[occult sciences]]."— ''[[Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie]]'' (1854-56) by Éliphas Lévi, Waite translation
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 +'''Baphomet''' was a [[deity]] that the [[Knights Templar]] were accused of worshipping, and that subsequently was incorporated into occult and mystical traditions. The name ''Baphomet'' appeared in trial transcripts for the [[Trials of the Knights Templar|Inquisition of the Knights Templar]] starting in 1307. It first came into popular English usage in the 19th century during debate and speculation on the reasons for the suppression of the Templars.
-'''Baphomet'''is an imagined pagan deity (i.e., a product of [[Christian folklore]] concerning pagans), revived in the 19th century as a figure of [[Satanism]]. It first appeared in a late 12th-century [[Provençal dialect|Provençal]] poem as a corruption of "[[Muhammad]]", but later it appeared as a term for a pagan idol in trial transcripts of the [[Papal Inquisition|Inquisition]] of the [[Knights Templar]] in the early 14th century. In the 19th century the name came into popular English-speaking consciousness with the publication of various works of pseudo-history that tried to link the Knights Templar with [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] elaborating on their suppression. The name Baphomet then became associated with a "Sabbatic Goat" image drawn by [[Eliphas Lévi]].+Since 1856, the name ''Baphomet'' has been associated with the "'''Sabbatic Goat'''" image drawn by [[Éliphas Lévi]], which contains binary elements representing the "[[symbol]]ization of the equilibrium of opposites" (e.g. [[Human–animal hybrid|half-human and half-animal]], [[Androgyny|male and female]], [[good and evil]], etc.). On one hand, Lévi's intention was to symbolize his concept of balance that was essential to his magnetistic notion of the Astral Light; on the other hand, the Baphomet represents a tradition that should result in a perfect social order.
-==Eliphas Levi==+==See also==
 +* [[As above, so below]]
 +* [[Azazel]]
 +* [[Beelzebub]]
 +* [[Behemoth]]
 +* [[History of the Knights Templar]]
 +* [[Knights Templar legends]]
 +* [[The Magician (Tarot card)|The Magician]]
 +* [[Mahound]]
 +* [[Medieval Christian views on Muhammad]]
 +* [[Pazuzu]]
 +* [[Taijitu]]
 +* [[Termagant]]
-In the 19th century, the name of Baphomet became associated with the [[Occultism|occult]]. In 1854, [[Eliphas Levi]] published ''[[Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie]]'' ("Dogmas and Rituals of High Magic"), in which he included an image he had drawn himself which he described as Baphomet and "The Sabbatic Goat", showing a winged humanoid goat with a pair of breasts and a torch on its head between its horns (''illustration, top''). This image has become the best-known representation of Baphomet. 
- 
-Levi's depiction is similar to that of the [[The Devil (Tarot card)|Devil]] in early [[tarot]] cards, but it may also have been partly inspired by [[grotesque]] carvings on the Templar churches of [[Lanleff]] in [[Brittany]] and St. Merri in [[Paris]], which depict squatting bearded men with bat wings, female breasts, horns and the shaggy hindquarters of a beast. 
- 
-Lévi considered the Baphomet to be a depiction of the absolute in symbolic form and explicated in detail his symbolism in the drawing that served as the frontispiece: 
- 
-:The goat on the frontispiece carries the sign of the [[pentagram]] on the forehead, with one point at the top, a symbol of light, his two hands forming the sign of [[Hermes Trismegistus|hermetism]], the one pointing up to the white moon of [[Chesed]], the other pointing down to the black one of [[Geburah]]. This sign expresses the perfect harmony of mercy with justice. His one arm is female, the other male like the ones of the [[Androgyny|androgyn]] of [[Khunrath]], the attributes of which we had to unite with those of our goat because he is one and the same symbol. The flame of intelligence shining between his horns is the magic light of the universal balance, the image of the soul elevated above matter, as the flame, whilst being tied to matter, shines above it. The beast's head expresses the horror of the sinner, whose materially acting, solely responsible part has to bear the punishment exclusively; because the soul is insensitive according to its nature and can only suffer when it materializes. The rod standing instead of genitals symbolizes eternal life, the body covered with scales the water, the semi-circle above it the atmosphere, the feathers following above the volatile. Humanity is represented by the two breasts and the androgyn arms of this sphinx of the occult sciences. 
- 
-Levi called his image "The Goat of [[Mendes]]", presumably following [[Herodotus]]' account that the god of Mendes — the Greek name for Djedet, Egypt — was depicted with a goat's face and legs. Herodotus relates how all male goats were held in great reverence by the Mendesians, and how in his time a woman publicly copulated with a goat. However the deity that was venerated at Egyptian Mendes was actually a [[Sheep|ram]] deity ''Banebdjed'' (literally ''[[Egyptian soul|Ba]] of the lord of [[djed]]'', and titled "the Lord of Mendes"), who was the [[Egyptian soul#Ba (soul/personality)|soul]] of [[Osiris]]. Levi combined the images of the [[Tarot of Marseilles]] Devil card and refigured the ram ''Banebdjed'' as a he-goat, further imagined by him as "copulator in Anep and inseminator in the district of Mendes". 
- 
-Egyptian connections aside, Lévi's depiction, for all its modern fame, does not match the historical descriptions from the Templar trials, although it is akin to some [[grotesque]]s found on Templar churches, or, more specifically, to [[Eugene Viollet-le-Duc|Viollet-le-Duc]]'s vivid [[gargoyles]] that were added to [[Notre Dame de Paris]] about the same time as Lévi's illustration. 
- 
-Levi's now-familiar image of a "Sabbatic Goat" shows parallels with works by the Spanish artist [[Francisco Goya]], who more than once painted a "[[Witch's Sabbath]]"; in the version ca 1821-23, ''El gran cabrón'' now at the Prado, a group of seated women offer their dead infant children to a seated goat. 
- 
-==See also== 
-*[[Illuminati]] 
{{GFDL}} {{GFDL}}

Current revision

"The goat which is represented in our frontispiece bears upon his forehead the sign of the pentagram with one point in the ascendant, which is sufficient to distinguish him as a symbol of the light ; he makes the sign of occultism with both hands, pointing upward to the white moon of Chesed, and downward to the black moon of Geburah. This sign expresses the perfect harmony of mercy with justice. One of the arms is feminine and the other masculine, as in the androgyne of Khunrath, whose attributes we have combined with those of our goat, since they are one and the same symbol. The torch of intelligence burning between the horns is the magical light of universal equilibrium; it is also the type of the soul exalted above matter, even while connecting with matter, as the flame connects with the torch. The hideous head of the animal expresses horror of sin, for which the material agent, alone responsible, must alone and for ever bear the penalty, because the soul is impassible in its nature, and can suffer only by materialising. The caduceus, which replaces the generative organ, represents eternal life; the scale-covered belly typifies water ; the circle above it is the atmosphere ; the feathers still higher up signify the volatile ; lastly, humanity is depicted by the two breasts and the androgyne arms of this sphinx of the occult sciences."— Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie (1854-56) by Éliphas Lévi, Waite translation

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Baphomet was a deity that the Knights Templar were accused of worshipping, and that subsequently was incorporated into occult and mystical traditions. The name Baphomet appeared in trial transcripts for the Inquisition of the Knights Templar starting in 1307. It first came into popular English usage in the 19th century during debate and speculation on the reasons for the suppression of the Templars.

Since 1856, the name Baphomet has been associated with the "Sabbatic Goat" image drawn by Éliphas Lévi, which contains binary elements representing the "symbolization of the equilibrium of opposites" (e.g. half-human and half-animal, male and female, good and evil, etc.). On one hand, Lévi's intention was to symbolize his concept of balance that was essential to his magnetistic notion of the Astral Light; on the other hand, the Baphomet represents a tradition that should result in a perfect social order.

See also





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