Behavior modification
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| - | '''Ivan Petrovich Pavlov''' (September 14, 1849 – February 27, 1936) was a [[Russia]]n [[physiologist]], [[psychologist]], and [[physician]]. He was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in [[1904]] for research pertaining to the digestive system. Pavlov is widely known for first describing the phenomenon now known as [[classical conditioning]] in his experiments with [[dogs]]. | + | '''Behavior modification''' is the use of empirically demonstrated [[behavioral change theories|behavior change techniques]] to improve behavior, such as altering an individual's behaviors and reactions to stimuli through positive and negative [[reinforcement]] of [[adaptive behavior]] and/or the reduction of [[maladaptive behavior]] through its [[extinction (psychology)|extinction]], [[punishment]] and/or [[behavior therapy|therapy]]. |
| - | ==Reflex system research== | ||
| - | Pavlov contributed to many areas of physiology and neurology. Most of his work involved research in [[temperament]], [[classical conditioning|conditioning]] and [[Reflex action|involuntary reflex actions]]. | ||
| - | <!--[[Image:One of Pavlov's rats.jpg|thumb|One of Pavlov’s rats with a surgically implanted [[cannula]] to measure [[saliva]]tion, Pavlov Museum, 2005]]--> | ||
| - | Pavlov performed and directed experiments on digestion, eventually publishing ''The Work of the Digestive Glands'' in 1897, after 12 years of research. His experiments earned him the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. These experiments included surgically extracting portions of the digestive system from animals, severing nerve bundles to determine the effects, and implanting [[fistula]]s between digestive organs and an external pouch to examine the organ's contents. This research served as a base for broad research on the [[digestive system]]. | ||
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| - | Further work on reflex actions involved involuntary reactions to stress and pain. Pavlov extended the definitions of the four temperament types under study at the time: phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine, and melancholic, updating the names to "the strong and impetuous type, the strong equilibrated and quiet type, the strong equilibrated and lively type, and the weak type." Pavlov and his researchers observed and began the study of [[transmarginal inhibition]] (TMI), the body's natural response of shutting down when exposed to overwhelming stress or pain by [[electric shock]]. | ||
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| - | [[Carl Jung]] continued Pavlov's work on TMI and correlated the observed shutdown types in animals with his own introverted and extroverted temperament types in humans. Introverted persons, he believed, were more sensitive to stimuli and reached a TMI state earlier than their extroverted counterparts. This continuing research branch is gaining the name [[highly sensitive persons]]. | ||
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| - | [[William Sargant]] and others continued the behavioral research in mental conditioning to achieve memory implantation and brainwashing (any effort aimed at instilling certain attitudes and beliefs in a person). | ||
| - | ==Legacy== | ||
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| - | The concept for which Pavlov is famous is the "[[Classical conditioning|conditioned reflex]]" (or in his own words the ''conditional reflex'': the translation of условный рефлекс into English is debatable) he developed jointly with his assistant [[Ivan Filippovitch Tolochinov]] in 1901. | ||
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| - | Tolochinov, whose own term for the phenomenon had been "reflex at a distance", communicated the results at the Congress of Natural Sciences in [[Helsinki]] in 1903. Later the same year Pavlov more fully explained the findings, at the 14th International Medical Congress in [[Madrid]], where he read a paper entitled ''The Experimental Psychology and Psychopathology of Animals''. | ||
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| - | As Pavlov's work became known in the West, particularly through the writings of [[John B. Watson]], the idea of "conditioning" as an automatic form of learning became a key concept in the developing specialism of [[comparative psychology]], and the general approach to psychology that underlay it, [[behaviorism]]. The British [[philosophy|philosopher]] [[Bertrand Russell]] was an enthusiastic advocate of the importance of Pavlov's work for [[philosophy of mind]]. | ||
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| - | Pavlov's research on conditional reflexes greatly influenced not only science, but also popular culture. The phrase "Pavlov's dog" is often used to describe someone who merely reacts to a situation rather than using critical thinking. Pavlovian conditioning was a major theme in [[Aldous Huxley]]'s [[dystopian]] novel, ''[[Brave New World]]'', and also to a large degree in [[Thomas Pynchon]]'s ''[[Gravity's Rainbow]]''. | ||
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| - | It is popularly believed that Pavlov always signaled the occurrence of food by ringing a bell. However, his writings record the use of a wide variety of stimuli, including electric shocks, [[whistle]]s, [[metronome]]s, [[tuning fork]]s, and a range of visual stimuli, in addition to ringing a bell. Catania tentatively attributed the popular imagery to Pavlov’s contemporaries [[Vladimir Bekhterev|Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev]] and [[John B. Watson]], until Thomas found several references that unambiguously stated Pavlov did, indeed, use a bell. | ||
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| - | It is less widely known that Pavlov's experiments on the conditional reflex extended to children, some of whom apparently underwent surgical procedures, similar to those performed on the dogs, for the collection of saliva. | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| + | * [[Behavior management]] | ||
| + | * [[Cognitive behavioral therapy]] | ||
| + | * [[John B. Watson]] | ||
| + | * [[Ivan Pavlov]] | ||
| + | * [[Sociology]] | ||
| + | * [[Covert conditioning]] | ||
| * [[Classical conditioning]] | * [[Classical conditioning]] | ||
| - | * [[Orienting response]] | + | * [[Life coaching]] |
| - | * [[Behavior Modification]] | + | |
| - | * [[Ryazan]] | + | |
| - | * [[Georgii Zeliony]] | + | |
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
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Behavior modification is the use of empirically demonstrated behavior change techniques to improve behavior, such as altering an individual's behaviors and reactions to stimuli through positive and negative reinforcement of adaptive behavior and/or the reduction of maladaptive behavior through its extinction, punishment and/or therapy.
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See also
- Behavior management
- Cognitive behavioral therapy
- John B. Watson
- Ivan Pavlov
- Sociology
- Covert conditioning
- Classical conditioning
- Life coaching
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