Biology  

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[[Image:Ernst Haeckel's Artforms of Nature of 1904.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''[[Artforms of Nature]]'' ([[1904]]) by [[Ernst Haeckel]]<br> [[Image:Ernst Haeckel's Artforms of Nature of 1904.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''[[Artforms of Nature]]'' ([[1904]]) by [[Ernst Haeckel]]<br>
The 49th plate from Ernst Haeckel's ''Kunstformen der Natur'' of 1904, showing various [[sea anemone]]s [[classified]] as Actiniae.]] The 49th plate from Ernst Haeckel's ''Kunstformen der Natur'' of 1904, showing various [[sea anemone]]s [[classified]] as Actiniae.]]
 +{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
 +| style="text-align: left;" |
 +"[[Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution]]"
 +<hr>
 +"Biologists acted as though [[molecule]]s were separate and distinct entities linked solely by electromagnetic attraction and repulsion. Not one of them, he was sure, had even heard of the [[EPR paradox]] or the [[Aspect experiments]], nor taken the trouble to study developments in physics since the beginning of the century." --''[[Atomised]]''
 +<hr>
 +"The rebirth of [[sociobiology]] [happened] in [[1992]] under a new name—[[evolutionary psychology]]. I date the rebirth to 1992 because that is when an influential volume appeared with the provocative title ''[[The Adapted Mind |The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture]]''. [...] [[Morality]] (particularly [[cooperation]] and [[cheating]]) has been an important area of research in evolutionary psychology since the beginning."--''[[The Righteous Mind ]]'' (2012) by Jonathan Haidt
 +|}
 +
[[Image:BristleConePine.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Bristlecone Pine]] can reach an age far greater than that of any other single living organism known, up to nearly 5,000 years.]] [[Image:BristleConePine.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Bristlecone Pine]] can reach an age far greater than that of any other single living organism known, up to nearly 5,000 years.]]
{{Template}} {{Template}}
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Fields and disciplines Fields and disciplines
 +* [[Feminist biology]]
* [[Natural history]] * [[Natural history]]
* [[History of agriculture]] * [[History of agriculture]]
-* [[History of botany]] 
* [[History of medicine]] * [[History of medicine]]
* [[History of anatomy]] * [[History of anatomy]]
-* [[History of zoology (through 1859)]] 
-* [[History of zoology (since 1859)]] 
-* [[History of plant systematics]] 
-* [[History of geology]] 
-* [[History of paleontology]] 
* [[History of evolutionary thought]] * [[History of evolutionary thought]]
-* [[History of ecology]] 
-* [[History of model organisms]] 
-* [[History of phycology]] 
* [[History of genetics]] * [[History of genetics]]
-* [[History of biochemistry]]+* [[Reproduction]]
-* [[History of agricultural science]]+* [[Seed]]
-* [[History of molecular biology]]+* [[Plant communication]]
-* [[History of RNA biology]]+* [[Plant sensation]]
-* [[History of molecular evolution]]+* [[Sociobiology]]
-* [[Timeline of immunology|History of immunology]]+
-* [[History of biotechnology]]+
- +
-Experiments+
-* [[Griffith's experiment]]+
-* [[Miller–Urey experiment|Miller-Urey experiment]]+
-* [[Luria–Delbrück experiment]]+
-* [[Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment]]+
-* [[Hershey–Chase experiment]]+
-* [[Meselson–Stahl experiment]]+
-* [[Crick, Brenner et al. experiment]]+
-* [[Nirenberg and Matthaei experiment]]+
-* [[Nirenberg and Leder experiment]]+
Publications Publications
 +* [[List of important publications in biology]]
* ''[[On Generation and Corruption]]'' * ''[[On Generation and Corruption]]''
* ''[[Historia Plantarum]]'' * ''[[Historia Plantarum]]''
* ''[[De humani corporis fabrica]]'' * ''[[De humani corporis fabrica]]''
-* ''[[Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus|De motu cordis]]'' 
-* ''[[Micrographia]]'' 
* ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' * ''[[Systema Naturae]]''
-* ''[[Philosophie Zoologique]]'' 
-* ''[[Principles of Geology]]'' 
* ''[[Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation|Vestiges of Creation]]'' * ''[[Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation|Vestiges of Creation]]''
* ''[[On the Origin of Species|The Origin of Species]]'' * ''[[On the Origin of Species|The Origin of Species]]''
-* "[[Experiments on Plant Hybridization]]" 
* ''[[The Descent of Man]]'' * ''[[The Descent of Man]]''
-* "[[The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance]]" 
-* [[What Is Life?|''What is Life?'']] 
-* ''[[Genetics and the Origin of Species]]'' 
-* "[[Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease]]" 
-* "[[Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid|Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids]]" 
Theories and concepts Theories and concepts
 +* [[Biology and sexual orientation]]
* [[Spontaneous generation]] * [[Spontaneous generation]]
* [[Great chain of being]] * [[Great chain of being]]
Line 78: Line 58:
* [[Darwinism]] * [[Darwinism]]
* [[Germ theory of disease]] * [[Germ theory of disease]]
-* [[One gene-one enzyme hypothesis]] 
* [[Recapitulation theory]], the idea that ontogeny recapitulates [[phylogeny]] * [[Recapitulation theory]], the idea that ontogeny recapitulates [[phylogeny]]
-* [[Sequence hypothesis]] 
-* [[Central dogma of molecular biology]] 
-* [[RNA world hypothesis]] 
* [[Biological organisation|Hierarchy of life]] * [[Biological organisation|Hierarchy of life]]
Line 103: Line 79:
* [[Ernst Haeckel]] * [[Ernst Haeckel]]
* [[Ivan Pavlov]] * [[Ivan Pavlov]]
-* [[Sergei Winogradsky]] 
-* [[Jacques Loeb]] 
-* [[Hugo de Vries]] 
-* [[Edmund Beecher Wilson|E. B. Wilson]] 
-* [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]] 
-* [[Alexander Oparin|Aleksandr Oparin]] 
-* [[Alexander Fleming]] 
-* [[Edmund Jaeger]] 
-* [[J. B. S. Haldane]] 
-* [[Sewall Wright]] 
-* [[Ronald Fisher|R. A. Fisher]] 
* [[Konrad Lorenz]] * [[Konrad Lorenz]]
-* [[Barbara McClintock]] 
-* [[Theodosius Dobzhansky]] 
* [[Ernst Mayr]] * [[Ernst Mayr]]
-* [[George Wells Beadle|George Beadle]] 
-* [[Seymour Benzer]] 
-* [[Rosalind Franklin]] 
-* [[James D. Watson]] 
-* [[Francis Crick]] 
-* [[Frederick Sanger|Fred Sanger]] 
-* [[Max Perutz]] 
-* [[John Kendrew]] 
-* [[Sydney Brenner]] 
-* [[Joshua Lederberg]] 
-* [[Walter Gilbert]] 
-* [[Kary Mullis]] 
* [[Stephen Jay Gould]] * [[Stephen Jay Gould]]
-* [[Lynn Margulis]] 
-* [[Carl Woese]] 
* [[Jane Goodall]] * [[Jane Goodall]]
 +
 +General
* [[History of science]] * [[History of science]]
* [[History of medicine]] * [[History of medicine]]
* [[Philosophy of biology]] * [[Philosophy of biology]]
-* [[Timeline of biology and organic chemistry]] 
* [[Natural philosophy]] * [[Natural philosophy]]
* [[Natural theology]] * [[Natural theology]]
Line 144: Line 94:
* [[Relationship between religion and science]] * [[Relationship between religion and science]]
* [[Eugenics]] * [[Eugenics]]
-* [[Human Genome Project]] 
-* [[History of creationism]] 
-* [[History of the creation–evolution controversy|History of the creation-evolution controversy]] 
==Biology books== ==Biology books==
*''[[The Botany of Desire]]'' (2001) Michael Pollan *''[[The Botany of Desire]]'' (2001) Michael Pollan

Revision as of 16:53, 5 December 2019

Artforms of Nature (1904) by Ernst Haeckel The 49th plate from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur of 1904, showing various sea anemones classified as Actiniae.
Enlarge
Artforms of Nature (1904) by Ernst Haeckel
The 49th plate from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur of 1904, showing various sea anemones classified as Actiniae.

"Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution"


"Biologists acted as though molecules were separate and distinct entities linked solely by electromagnetic attraction and repulsion. Not one of them, he was sure, had even heard of the EPR paradox or the Aspect experiments, nor taken the trouble to study developments in physics since the beginning of the century." --Atomised


"The rebirth of sociobiology [happened] in 1992 under a new name—evolutionary psychology. I date the rebirth to 1992 because that is when an influential volume appeared with the provocative title The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. [...] Morality (particularly cooperation and cheating) has been an important area of research in evolutionary psychology since the beginning."--The Righteous Mind (2012) by Jonathan Haidt

The Bristlecone Pine can reach an age far greater than that of any other single living organism known, up to nearly 5,000 years.
Enlarge
The Bristlecone Pine can reach an age far greater than that of any other single living organism known, up to nearly 5,000 years.

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Biology (from Greek: βίος, bio, "life"; and λόγος, logos, "knowledge") is the study of life. It contains such topics as classifying the various forms of organisms, how species come into existence, and the interactions they have with each other and with the natural environment. Biology encompasses a broad spectrum of academic fields that are often viewed as independent disciplines. However, together they address phenomena related to living organisms (biological phenomena) over a wide range of disciplines, many of which, for example, botany, zoology, and medicine are considered ancient fields of study.

Evolution

A central organizing concept in biology is that life changes and develops through evolution and that all lifeforms known have a common origin (see Common descent). This has led to the striking similarity of units and processes discussed in the previous section. Introduced into the scientific lexicon by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck in 1809,Charles Darwin established evolution fifty years later as a viable theory by articulating its driving force, natural selection (Alfred Russel Wallace is recognized as the co-discoverer of this concept as he helped research and experiment with the concept of evolution). Darwin theorized that species and breeds developed through the processes of natural selection as well as by artificial selection or selective breeding. Genetic drift was embraced as an additional mechanism of evolutionary development in the modern synthesis of the theory.

The evolutionary history of the species— which describes the characteristics of the various species from which it descended— together with its genealogical relationship to every other species is called its phylogeny. Widely varied approaches to biology generate information about phylogeny. These include the comparisons of DNA sequences conducted within molecular biology or genomics, and comparisons of fossils or other records of ancient organisms in paleontology. Biologists organize and analyze evolutionary relationships through various methods, including phylogenetics, phenetics, and cladistics. For a summary of major events in the evolution of life as currently understood by biologists, see evolutionary timeline.

Up into the 19th century, it was commonly believed that life forms could appear spontaneously under certain conditions (see spontaneous generation). This misconception was challenged by William Harvey's diction that "all life [is] from [an] egg" (from the Latin "Omne vivum ex ovo"), a foundational concept of modern biology. It simply means that there is an unbroken continuity of life from its initial origin to the present time.

A group of organisms share a common descent if they share a common ancestor. All organisms on the Earth both living and extinct have been or are descended from a common ancestor or an ancestral gene pool. This last universal common ancestor of all organisms is believed to have appeared about 3.5 billion years ago. Biologists generally regard the universality of the genetic code as definitive evidence in favor of the theory of universal common descent (UCD) for all bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes (see: origin of life).

Evolution does not always give rise to progressively more complex organisms. For example, the process of dysgenics has been observed among the human population.

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Influential figures

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Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Biology" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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