Breakup of Yugoslavia
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| - | A '''stateless nation''' is a political term for an [[ethnic group]] or nation that does not possess its own [[Sovereign state|state]] and is not the majority population in any [[nation state]]. The term "[[stateless]]" implies that the group "should have" such a state. Members of [[stateless]] nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied [[citizenship]] by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the [[United Nations]]. Nations without state are classified as [[Fourth World|fourth world nations]]. Some of the stateless nations have a history of [[Sovereignty|statehood]], some were always a stateless nation, dominated by another nation. | + | The '''breakup of Yugoslavia''' occurred as a result of a series of political upheavals and conflicts during the early 1990s. After a period of political crisis in the 1980s, constituent republics of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] split apart, but the unsolved issues caused bitter inter-ethnic [[Yugoslav wars]]. The wars primarily affected [[War in Bosnia|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and neighboring parts of [[War in Croatia|Croatia]]. |
| - | The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist [[Jacques Leruez]] in his book "L'Ecosse, une nation sans Etat" about the peculiar position of [[Scotland]] within the [[British state]]. It was later adopted and popularized by [[Scottish people|Scottish]] scholars such as [[David McCrone]], [[Michael Keating (political scientist)|Michael Keating]] and [[T.M. Devine]]. | + | After the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] victory in [[World War II]], Yugoslavia was set up as a federation of six republics, with borders drawn along ethnic and historical lines: [[SR Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[SR Croatia|Croatia]], [[SR Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[SR Montenegro|Montenegro]], [[SR Serbia|Serbia]] and [[SR Slovenia|Slovenia]]. In addition, two autonomous provinces were established within Serbia: [[SAP Vojvodina|Vojvodina]] and [[SAP Kosovo|Kosovo]]. Each of the republics had its own branch of the [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]] party and a ruling elite, and any tensions were solved on the federal level. The Yugoslav model of state organization, as well as a "middle way" between [[planned economy|planned]] and [[liberal economy]], had been a relative success, and the country experienced a period of strong economic growth and relative political stability up to the 1980s, under the rule of president-for-life [[Josip Broz Tito]]. After his death in 1980, the weakened system of federal government was left unable to cope with rising economic and political challenges. |
| - | Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the [[Yoruba people]] are found in the [[Africa|African states]] of [[Nigeria]], [[Benin]] and [[Togo]]) or form the [[Indigenous peoples|native population]] of a [[province]] within a larger state (such as the [[Uyghur people]] in the [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] within the [[People's Republic of China]]). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, [[Tibet (1912–51)|Tibet's declaration of independence]] in 1913 was not recognized, and it was invaded in 1951 by the [[People's Republic of China]] which claims that [[Tibet]] is an integral part of China, while the [[Tibetan government-in-exile]] maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation. Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the [[Balkans]] such as the [[Croats]], [[Serbs]], [[Bosniaks]], [[Slovenes]], [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]], [[Kosovo|Kosovars]] and [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]] were once part of a multinational state of [[Yugoslavia]]; since the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]] many nation states were formed). | + | In the 1980s, [[Kosovo Albanians]] started to demand that their autonomous province be granted the status of a constituent republic, starting with the [[1981 protests in Kosovo|1981 protests]]. Ethnic tensions between Albanians and [[Kosovo Serbs]] remained high over the whole decade, which resulted in the growth across Yugoslavia of Serb opposition to the high autonomy of provinces and ineffective system of consensus at the federal level, which were seen as an obstacle for Serb interests. In 1987, [[Slobodan Milošević]] came to power in Serbia, and through a series of populist moves acquired de facto control over Kosovo, Vojvodina and Montenegro, garnering a high level of support among Serbs for his [[centralist]] policies. Milošević was met with opposition by party leaders of the western republics of Slovenia and Croatia, who also advocated greater democratization of the country in line with the [[Revolutions of 1989]] in [[Eastern Europe]]. The League of Communists of Yugoslavia dissolved in January 1990 along federal lines. Republican communist organizations became the separate socialist parties. |
| - | Stateless nations can have large populations. For example, the [[Tamils]] are a stateless nation in [[South Asia]] with a population of more than 75 million. They form one of the largest ethnic groups in [[South India]]. Governments may respond differently to stateless nations in their states. For example, the suppression of the Tamil people in [[Sri Lanka]] led to the [[Sri Lankan civil war]] between 1983 and 2009, one of the longest and most violent [[separatism|separatist]] conflicts. However, a similar [[ethnic conflict]] was absent among Tamils in [[India]] during this period, because they were peacefully integrated into the [[Federalism|federal structure]] of India. Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same geographical region or country; for example, [[Catalans]], [[Basques]], [[Aragonese people|Aragonese]], [[Galicians]], [[Asturians]], [[Valencians]] and [[Andalusians]] within [[Spain|Spanish State]], or the [[Brahui people|Brahui]], [[Santhal people|Santhals]] and [[Balochs]] in [[South Asia]]. However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states have the same conscience to be a stateless nation. In Spain, only Basques and Catalans have claimed their right of self-determination, which in the Basque country gave rise to the militant movement [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]], and in the case of [[Catalonia]], has led to multiple attempts of secession from Spain during the past four centuries, as an independent [[Catalan Republic]]. | + | During 1990, the socialists (former communists) lost power to [[ethnic separatist]] parties in the [[Elections in Yugoslavia|first multi-party elections]] held across the country, except in Serbia and Montenegro, where they were won by Milošević and his allies. Nationalist rhetoric on all sides became increasingly heated. Between June 1991 and April 1992, four republics declared independence (only [[Serbia and Montenegro]] remained federated), but the status of ethnic Serbs outside Serbia and Montenegro, and that of ethnic Croats outside Croatia, remained unsolved. After a string of inter-ethnic incidents, the [[Yugoslav Wars]] ensued, first [[War in Croatia|in Croatia]] and then, most severely, in multi-ethnic [[Bosnian War|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]; the wars left long-term economic and political damage in the region. |
| - | The [[Romani people]] are another stateless people. They may be a special case being distributed among [[Romani people by country|numerous countries]] with no clear homeland; as a traditionally [[Nomadic peoples of Europe|"nomadic"]] people, the [[Romani people|Romani]]/Roma are a classical "stateless nation" without aspiration to sovereign territory. As not all states are nation states, there are a number of ethnic groups who live in a [[multinational state]] without being considered "stateless nations". | + | == See also == |
| - | + | * [[Balkanization]] | |
| - | ==See also== | + | * [[Dissolution of Czechoslovakia]] |
| - | + | * [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]] | |
| - | * [[Ethnic nationalism]] | + | * [[Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia]] |
| - | * [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]] | + | |
| - | * [[Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities]] | + | |
| - | * [[List of active autonomist and secessionist movements]] | + | |
| - | * [[List of federally recognized tribes]] | + | |
| - | * [[List of First Nations peoples]] | + | |
| - | * [[List of unrecognized tribes in the United States]] | + | |
| - | * [[Multinational state]] | + | |
| - | * [[Non-FIFA international football]] | + | |
| - | * [[Self-determination]] | + | |
| - | * [[Sovereignty]] | + | |
| - | * [[Stateless person]] | + | |
| - | * [[Stateless society]] | + | |
| - | * [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]] | + | |
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The breakup of Yugoslavia occurred as a result of a series of political upheavals and conflicts during the early 1990s. After a period of political crisis in the 1980s, constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia split apart, but the unsolved issues caused bitter inter-ethnic Yugoslav wars. The wars primarily affected Bosnia and Herzegovina and neighboring parts of Croatia.
After the Allied victory in World War II, Yugoslavia was set up as a federation of six republics, with borders drawn along ethnic and historical lines: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia. In addition, two autonomous provinces were established within Serbia: Vojvodina and Kosovo. Each of the republics had its own branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia party and a ruling elite, and any tensions were solved on the federal level. The Yugoslav model of state organization, as well as a "middle way" between planned and liberal economy, had been a relative success, and the country experienced a period of strong economic growth and relative political stability up to the 1980s, under the rule of president-for-life Josip Broz Tito. After his death in 1980, the weakened system of federal government was left unable to cope with rising economic and political challenges.
In the 1980s, Kosovo Albanians started to demand that their autonomous province be granted the status of a constituent republic, starting with the 1981 protests. Ethnic tensions between Albanians and Kosovo Serbs remained high over the whole decade, which resulted in the growth across Yugoslavia of Serb opposition to the high autonomy of provinces and ineffective system of consensus at the federal level, which were seen as an obstacle for Serb interests. In 1987, Slobodan Milošević came to power in Serbia, and through a series of populist moves acquired de facto control over Kosovo, Vojvodina and Montenegro, garnering a high level of support among Serbs for his centralist policies. Milošević was met with opposition by party leaders of the western republics of Slovenia and Croatia, who also advocated greater democratization of the country in line with the Revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe. The League of Communists of Yugoslavia dissolved in January 1990 along federal lines. Republican communist organizations became the separate socialist parties.
During 1990, the socialists (former communists) lost power to ethnic separatist parties in the first multi-party elections held across the country, except in Serbia and Montenegro, where they were won by Milošević and his allies. Nationalist rhetoric on all sides became increasingly heated. Between June 1991 and April 1992, four republics declared independence (only Serbia and Montenegro remained federated), but the status of ethnic Serbs outside Serbia and Montenegro, and that of ethnic Croats outside Croatia, remained unsolved. After a string of inter-ethnic incidents, the Yugoslav Wars ensued, first in Croatia and then, most severely, in multi-ethnic Bosnia and Herzegovina; the wars left long-term economic and political damage in the region.
See also
- Balkanization
- Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
- Dissolution of the Soviet Union
- Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia
