Carioca
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| - | '''Pornochanchada''' is the name given to a genre of [[sexploitation|sexploitation film]]s produced in [[Brazil]] that was popular during the 1970s and early 1980s. Its name combined ''pornô'' ([[pornography|porn]]) and ''[[chanchada]]'' (light [[comedy film|comedy]]). | + | '''Carioca''' ({{IPA-pt|kaɾiˈɔkɐ|-|Br-Carioca.ogg}} <small>or</small> {{IPA-pt|kɐɾiˈɔkɐ|}}) is a [[demonym]] used to refer to anything related to the [[Rio de Janeiro|City of Rio de Janeiro]] as well as its eponymous [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|State of Rio de Janeiro]], in [[Brazil]]. The original word, "kara'i oka", comes from the indigenous [[Tupi language]] meaning "house of carijó", which was a native tribe of Rio de Janeiro who lived in the vicinity of the [[Carioca River]], between the neighborhoods of ''Glória'' and ''Flamengo''. |
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| + | Like other Brazilians, ''cariocas'' speak Portuguese. The ''carioca'' accent and [[sociolect]] (also simply called "''carioca''", see below) are one of the most widely recognized in Brazil, in part because [[Rede Globo]], the second-largest television network in the world, is headquartered in Rio de Janeiro. Thus, a lot of Brazilian TV programs, from news and documentary to entertainment (such as the [[telenovela]]s), feature ''carioca''-acting and -speaking talent. | ||
| - | Pornochanchadas were initially produced in the downtown quarter of [[São Paulo]] that was nicknamed "[[Boca do Lixo]]" ("Garbage Mouth"). The genre was usually seen as a part of low-budget films produced there, collectively known as ''[[Mouth of Garbage Cinema|cinema da Boca]]'' ("movies of the Mouth"). Later, there were productions in [[Rio de Janeiro]] as well, creating the sub-genre ''pornochanchada [[carioca]]'', which was to find its star in Alba Valeria during early 1980s. | + | ==History== |
| + | The archaic demonym for the Rio de Janeiro State is ''fluminense'', taken from the Latin word ''flūmen'', meaning "river." Despite the fact that ''carioca'' is a more ancient demonym of Rio de Janeiro's inhabitants (known since 1502), it was replaced by ''fluminense'' in 1783, when the latter was sanctioned as the official demonym of the Royal Captainship of Rio de Janeiro (later the Province of Rio de Janeiro). A few years after the City of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro had become the capital city of the Brazilian colonies. From 1783 and during all the Imperial Regime, ''carioca'' remained only as a nickname by which other Brazilians called the inhabitants of Rio (city and province). During the first years of the Brazilian Republic, ''carioca'' was the name given to those who lived in the slums or a pejorative way to refer to the bureaucratic elite of the Federal District. Only when the City of Rio lost its status as Federal District and became a Brazilian State (Guanabara State), when the capital city was moved to Brasilia, was ''carioca'' made a co-official demonym with ''guanabarino''. In 1975, the Guanabara State was eliminated by President Geisel (under the military dictatorship), becoming the present-day City of Rio de Janeiro, and ''carioca'' was made the demonym of its municipality. Despite the fact ''carioca'' is not recognized as an official demonym of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazilians call the inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro in general (state and city) ''cariocas'', and most of its inhabitants claim to be ''cariocas''. Nowadays, social movements like "Somos Todos Cariocas" ("We are all Cariocas") try to achieve the official recognition of ''carioca'' as a co-official demonym of the Rio de Janeiro State. | ||
| - | Pornochanchadas were generally in line with "sex comedies" produced in other countries, but also featured some Brazilian peculiarities. The prominent [[actress]]es were Helena Ramos, Matilde Mastrangi, Aldine Müller, Sandra Bréa, Nicole Puzzi, Monique Lafond, Nádia Lippi, Patrícia Scalvi, Rossana Ghessa, Zilda Mayo, Zaíra Bueno, Kate Lyra, Vanessa Alves, Meire Vieira, Adele Fátima, and Marta Anderson. After the end of the pornochanchada era, they moved to [[telenovela]]s and/or more mainstream genres of cinema. Actresses like [[Vera Fischer]] and [[Sônia Braga]] have also appeared in pornochanchadas. The most popular actors were David Cardoso (presented as the symbol of Brazilian [[machismo]], who was also a director and the owner of the production company ''Dacar'') and Nuno Leal Maia. Among the distinguished [[film director|director]]s of the genre were Ody Fraga, Tony Vieira and Jean Garret. | + | ==Accomplishments and influence== |
| - | + | {{See also|List of people from Rio de Janeiro}} | |
| - | Despite conditions of strict censorship in Brazil in that era, the state-run film company ''Embrafilme'' was generally eager to support pornochanchadas, because they weren't critical of the government and did not depict explicit sex. Producers became increasingly dependent on pornochanchadas to compete with [[United States of America|American]] films and to guarantee immediate returns. As the genre's success grew, the term began to be indiscriminately applied to various types of films that focused on sexual relationships. Some [[Nélson Rodrigues]] adaptations were among such films. By the 1980s, with the availability of [[hardcore pornography]] through clandestine [[video cassette]]s, the genre suffered a considerable decline. | + | ''Carioca'' people have invented a few sports; the most famous is [[footvolley]]. |
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| - | After the end of the [[Military dictatorship in Brazil|military regime]] in 1985, repressive measures on cinema and television were lifted, marking a virtual end for pornochanchada. The [[Constitution of Brazil|Brazilian Constitution]] of 1988, and the subsequent [[Fernando Collor]]’s government termination of Embrafilme in 1990, marked the end of the era of nudity and sex as a means of drawing mass audiences to Brazilian movies. It brought to a close a generation of directors, writers and actors associated since the sixties with the [[Cinema Novo]] movement, many of whom were involved at one time or another with pornochanchadas. | + | |
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| - | ==See also== | + | |
| - | *''[[Brazil: Cinema, Sex and the Generals]]'' | + | |
| - | *[[Bavarian porn]] | + | |
| + | ''Cariocas'' are credited with creating the [[bossa nova]] style of music. | ||
| + | Famous ''cariocas'' in film include "Brazilian bombshell" [[Carmen Miranda]], a Portuguese woman who grew up in Rio de Janeiro. An eponymous song from 1933, ''[[Carioca (song)|Carioca]]'', has become a [[jazz standard]]. | ||
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| + | ''Carnaval Carioca'' is the Portuguese name for the largest [[Brazilian Carnival]], the [[Rio Carnival]]. | ||
| + | ''Samba Carioca'' is a localized style of [[Samba (Brazilian_dance)|Brazilian Samba]]. | ||
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| + | There is an exercise drill used for dynamic stretching called ''Carioca''. It consists of a repeating Samba dance step. | ||
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Revision as of 20:08, 21 February 2020
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Carioca (Template:IPA-pt or Template:IPA-pt) is a demonym used to refer to anything related to the City of Rio de Janeiro as well as its eponymous State of Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil. The original word, "kara'i oka", comes from the indigenous Tupi language meaning "house of carijó", which was a native tribe of Rio de Janeiro who lived in the vicinity of the Carioca River, between the neighborhoods of Glória and Flamengo.
Like other Brazilians, cariocas speak Portuguese. The carioca accent and sociolect (also simply called "carioca", see below) are one of the most widely recognized in Brazil, in part because Rede Globo, the second-largest television network in the world, is headquartered in Rio de Janeiro. Thus, a lot of Brazilian TV programs, from news and documentary to entertainment (such as the telenovelas), feature carioca-acting and -speaking talent.
History
The archaic demonym for the Rio de Janeiro State is fluminense, taken from the Latin word flūmen, meaning "river." Despite the fact that carioca is a more ancient demonym of Rio de Janeiro's inhabitants (known since 1502), it was replaced by fluminense in 1783, when the latter was sanctioned as the official demonym of the Royal Captainship of Rio de Janeiro (later the Province of Rio de Janeiro). A few years after the City of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro had become the capital city of the Brazilian colonies. From 1783 and during all the Imperial Regime, carioca remained only as a nickname by which other Brazilians called the inhabitants of Rio (city and province). During the first years of the Brazilian Republic, carioca was the name given to those who lived in the slums or a pejorative way to refer to the bureaucratic elite of the Federal District. Only when the City of Rio lost its status as Federal District and became a Brazilian State (Guanabara State), when the capital city was moved to Brasilia, was carioca made a co-official demonym with guanabarino. In 1975, the Guanabara State was eliminated by President Geisel (under the military dictatorship), becoming the present-day City of Rio de Janeiro, and carioca was made the demonym of its municipality. Despite the fact carioca is not recognized as an official demonym of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazilians call the inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro in general (state and city) cariocas, and most of its inhabitants claim to be cariocas. Nowadays, social movements like "Somos Todos Cariocas" ("We are all Cariocas") try to achieve the official recognition of carioca as a co-official demonym of the Rio de Janeiro State.
Accomplishments and influence
Template:See also Carioca people have invented a few sports; the most famous is footvolley.
Cariocas are credited with creating the bossa nova style of music.
Famous cariocas in film include "Brazilian bombshell" Carmen Miranda, a Portuguese woman who grew up in Rio de Janeiro. An eponymous song from 1933, Carioca, has become a jazz standard.
Carnaval Carioca is the Portuguese name for the largest Brazilian Carnival, the Rio Carnival.
Samba Carioca is a localized style of Brazilian Samba.
There is an exercise drill used for dynamic stretching called Carioca. It consists of a repeating Samba dance step.
