City-state
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- | :''[[Peasants' War]]'' | ||
- | # The [[Protestant]] (rather than the [[Roman Catholic]] or [[Orthodox]]) [[Christian]] [[religion]]. | + | A '''city-state''' is an independent country whose territory consists solely of a single major city and the area immediately surrounding it The term "city-state" should not be confused with "[[independent city]]", which refers to a city which is not administered as part of another [[local government]]. |
- | # Collectively, the Protestant [[church]]es or the Protestants. | + | |
- | == Northern Renaissance == | + | Whereas the nation-states rely on a common cultural heritage, be it linguistic, historical, religious, economic, etc., the city-state relies on the common interest in the function of the urban center. The urban center and its activity supplies the livelihoods of all urbanites inhabiting the city-state. |
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- | The [[Northern Renaissance]] was distinct from the [[Italian Renaissance]] in its [[centralization]] of political power. While Italy was dominated by independent [[city-state]]s, countries in [[central Europe|central]] and [[western Europe]] began emerging as [[nation-state]]s. The Northern Renaissance was also closely linked to the [[Protestant Reformation]] and the long series of internal and external conflicts between various [[Protestantism|Protestant]] groups and the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. | + | |
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- | == Protestant work ethic == | + | |
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- | The '''Protestant work ethic''', sometimes called the '''Puritan work ethic''', is a [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] value emphasizing the necessity of constant [[labor]] in a person's calling as a sign of personal [[salvation]]. [[Protestantism|Protestants]] beginning with [[Martin Luther]] had reconceptualised work as a duty in the world for the benefit of the individual and society as a whole. The [[Catholicism|Catholic]] idea of [[Divine grace|good works]] was transformed into an obligation to work diligently as a sign of grace. | + | |
- | ==Founders: the first Protestant major reformers and theologians== | + | |
- | <!--(in alphabetical order by century.)--> | + | |
- | ;Twelfth century | + | |
- | * [[Peter Waldo]], French reformer, founder of the earliest Protestant church, the [[Waldensians]] | + | |
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- | ;Fourteenth century | + | |
- | *[[John Wycliffe]], English reformer, the "Morning Star of the Reformation". | + | |
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- | ;Fifteenth century | + | |
- | *[[Jan Hus]], Catholic Priest and Professor, father of an early Protestant church (Moravianism), Czech reformist/dissident; burned to death in [[Constance]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] in 1415 by Roman Catholic Church authorities for unrepentant and persistent heresy. After the devastation of the Hussite Wars some of his followers founded the [[Unitas Fratrum]] in 1457, "Unity of Brethren", which was renewed under the leadership of Count [[Zinzendorf]] in [[Herrnhut]], [[Saxony]] in 1722 after its almost total destruction in the [[30 Years War]] and [[Counter Reformation]]. Today it is usually referred to in English as the [[Moravian Church]], in [[German language|German]] the [[Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine]]. | + | |
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- | ;Sixteenth century | + | |
- | *[[Jacobus Arminius]], Dutch theologian, founder of school of thought known as [[Arminianism]]. | + | |
- | *[[Heinrich Bullinger]], successor of [[Zwingli]], leading reformed theologian. | + | |
- | *[[John Calvin]], French theologian, [[Protestant Reformation|Reformer]] and resident of [[Geneva, Switzerland]], he founded the school of theology known as Calvinism. | + | |
- | *[[Balthasar Hubmaier]], influential Anabaptist theologian, author of numerous works during his five years of ministry, tortured at Zwingli's behest, and executed in Vienna. | + | |
- | *[[John Knox]], Scottish Calvinist reformer. | + | |
- | *[[Abaomas Kulvietis]], jurs and a professor at Königsberg Albertina University, as well as a Reformer of the Lithuanian church. | + | |
- | *[[Martin Luther]], church reformer, Father of Protestantism, theological works guided those now known as [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]]. | + | |
- | *[[Philipp Melanchthon]], early Lutheran leader. | + | |
- | *[[Menno Simons]], founder of [[Mennonitism]]. | + | |
- | *[[John Smyth (1570-1612)|John Smyth]], early [[Baptist]] leader. | + | |
- | *[[Huldrych Zwingli]], founder of Swiss reformed tradition. | + | |
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- | == See also == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | *[[Northern Renaissance]] | + | |
- | * [[Protestant work ethic]] | + | |
- | ==See also== | + | |
- | *[[Anti-Catholicism]] | + | |
- | *[[Anti-Protestantism]] | + | |
- | *[[Black Legend]] | + | |
- | *[[Christian eschatology]] | + | |
- | *[[Christian Flag]] | + | |
- | *[[Detailed Christian timeline#Renaissance and Reformation|Christian timeline for Renaissance & Reformation]] | + | |
- | *[[History of Protestantism]] | + | |
- | *[[List of Protestant churches]] | + | |
- | *[[Protestant Reformation]] | + | |
- | *[[Protestant work ethic]] | + | |
- | *[[Islam and Protestantism]] | + | |
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Revision as of 11:51, 10 July 2009
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A city-state is an independent country whose territory consists solely of a single major city and the area immediately surrounding it The term "city-state" should not be confused with "independent city", which refers to a city which is not administered as part of another local government.
Whereas the nation-states rely on a common cultural heritage, be it linguistic, historical, religious, economic, etc., the city-state relies on the common interest in the function of the urban center. The urban center and its activity supplies the livelihoods of all urbanites inhabiting the city-state.
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