Commons
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| - | :''For Wikimedia Commons see [[Wikimedia Commons]]'' | + | The '''commons''' is the [[culture|cultural]] and [[nature|natural]] [[resource]]s accessible to all members of a society, including natural materials such as air, water, and a habitable earth. These resources are held in common, not owned privately. Commons can also be understood as natural resources that groups of people (communities, user groups) manage for individual and collective benefit. Characteristically, this involves a variety of informal norms and values (social practice) employed for a governance mechanism. |
| - | '''The commons''' is terminology referring to [[resource]]s that are [[collective]]ly owned or shared between or among [[population]]s. These resources are said to be "'''held in common'''" and can include everything from [[natural resource]]s and [[common land]] to [[software]]. The commons contains [[public property]] and [[private property]], over which people have certain traditional rights. In some areas the process by which public property is transformed into private property is termed [[enclosure]]. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | == Concepts == | + | |
| - | The commons were traditionally defined as the elements of the [[Natural environment|environment]] - forests, atmosphere, rivers, fisheries or grazing land - that are shared, used and enjoyed by all. | + | |
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| - | Today, the commons are also understood within a [[cultural]] sphere. These commons include literature, music, arts, design, film, video, television, radio, information, software and sites of heritage. The commons can also include [[public goods]] such as public space, public education, health and the infrastructure that allows our society to function (such as electricity or water delivery systems). There also exists the ‘life commons’, e.g. the human genome. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | [[Peter Barnes (entrepreneur)|Peter Barnes]] describes commons as a set of assets that have | + | |
| - | two characteristics: they’re all gifts, and they’re all shared. A shared gift is one we receive as members of a community, as opposed to individually. Examples of such gifts include air, water, [[ecosystems]], languages, music, holidays, money, law, mathematics, parks and the [[Internet]]. | + | |
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| - | There are a number of important aspects that can be used to describe true commons. The first is that the commons cannot be [[commodified]] – and if they are – they cease to be commons. The second aspect is that unlike private property, the commons is inclusive rather than exclusive — its nature is to share ownership as widely, rather than as narrowly, as possible. The third aspect is that the assets in commons are meant to be preserved regardless of their [[return of capital]]. Just as we receive them as shared gifts, so we have a duty to pass them on to future generations in at least the same condition as we received them. If we can add to their value, so much the better, but at a minimum we must not degrade them, and we certainly have no right to destroy them. | + | |
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| - | == Historical movements== | + | |
| + | ==Historical land commons movements== | ||
| * The [[Diggers]] | * The [[Diggers]] | ||
| - | * The [[Levellers]] | ||
| * [[Kett's Rebellion]] | * [[Kett's Rebellion]] | ||
| - | == Contemporary movements== | + | ==Contemporary commons movements== |
| * [[Abahlali baseMjondolo]] in [[South Africa]] | * [[Abahlali baseMjondolo]] in [[South Africa]] | ||
| * The [[Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh Committee]] in [[India]] | * The [[Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh Committee]] in [[India]] | ||
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| * The [[EZLN]] in [[Mexico]] | * The [[EZLN]] in [[Mexico]] | ||
| * [[Fanmi Lavalas]] in Haiti | * [[Fanmi Lavalas]] in Haiti | ||
| + | * [[Geolibertarianism]] primarily in the [[United States|US]] | ||
| * The [[Homeless Workers' Movement]] in [[Brazil]] | * The [[Homeless Workers' Movement]] in [[Brazil]] | ||
| * [[The Land is Ours]] in the UK | * [[The Land is Ours]] in the UK | ||
| * The [[Landless Workers' Movement]] in Brazil | * The [[Landless Workers' Movement]] in Brazil | ||
| * [[Movement for Justice en el Barrio]] in the [[United States of America]] | * [[Movement for Justice en el Barrio]] in the [[United States of America]] | ||
| - | * [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]] in [[India]] | + | * [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]] in India |
| - | + | * [[Take Back the Land]] in the US | |
| - | ==Key theorists== | + | |
| - | *[[Peter Barnes (entrepreneur)|Peter Barnes]] | + | |
| - | *[[Yochai Benkler]] | + | |
| - | *[[Iain Boal]] | + | |
| - | *[[George Caffentzis]] | + | |
| - | *[[Silvia Federici]] | + | |
| - | *[[Garrett Hardin]] | + | |
| - | *[[Michael Hardt]] | + | |
| - | *[[David Harvey (geographer)|David Harvey]] | + | |
| - | *[[Lawrence Lessig]] | + | |
| - | *[[Peter Linebaugh]] | + | |
| - | *[[William Morris]] | + | |
| - | *[[Antonio Negri]] | + | |
| - | *[[Elinor Ostrom]] | + | |
| - | *[[Raj Patel]] | + | |
| - | *John Platt (see [[Social trap]]) | + | |
| - | *[[Kenneth Rexroth]] | + | |
| - | *[[Ariel Vercelli]] | + | |
| - | *[[Gerrard Winstanley]] | + | |
| - | *[[Karl Linn]] | + | |
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| - | *[[Accumulation by dispossession]] | + | * [[Common good]] |
| - | *[[Biopiracy]] | + | * [[Common ownership]] |
| - | *[[Ejido]] | + | * [[Creative Commons]] |
| - | *[[Enclosure]] | + | * [[Copyleft]] |
| - | *[[Freedom to roam]] | + | * [[Common land]] – Account of historical and present common land use, mainly British Isles. |
| - | *[[Common land]] | + | * [[Global commons]] |
| - | *[[Common ownership]] | + | * [[Game theory]] |
| - | *[[Primitive accumulation of capital]] | + | * [[Homo reciprocans]] |
| - | *[[Public property]] | + | * [[Network effect]] |
| - | *[[Social trap]] | + | * ''[[The Magic Cauldron (essay)|The Magic Cauldron]]'' – essay on the open source economic model |
| - | *[[The Tragedy of the Commons]] | + | * [[Tragedy of the anticommons]] |
| - | *[[Tragedy of the anticommons]] | + | * [[International Association for the Study of the Commons]] |
| - | *[[Copyleft]] | + | * [[Patentleft]] |
| - | *[[Patentleft]] | + | * [[Tyranny of small decisions]] |
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| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
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The commons is the cultural and natural resources accessible to all members of a society, including natural materials such as air, water, and a habitable earth. These resources are held in common, not owned privately. Commons can also be understood as natural resources that groups of people (communities, user groups) manage for individual and collective benefit. Characteristically, this involves a variety of informal norms and values (social practice) employed for a governance mechanism.
[edit]
Historical land commons movements
[edit]
Contemporary commons movements
- Abahlali baseMjondolo in South Africa
- The Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh Committee in India
- Electronic Frontier Foundation
- The EZLN in Mexico
- Fanmi Lavalas in Haiti
- Geolibertarianism primarily in the US
- The Homeless Workers' Movement in Brazil
- The Land is Ours in the UK
- The Landless Workers' Movement in Brazil
- Movement for Justice en el Barrio in the United States of America
- Narmada Bachao Andolan in India
- Take Back the Land in the US
[edit]
See also
- Common good
- Common ownership
- Creative Commons
- Copyleft
- Common land – Account of historical and present common land use, mainly British Isles.
- Global commons
- Game theory
- Homo reciprocans
- Network effect
- The Magic Cauldron – essay on the open source economic model
- Tragedy of the anticommons
- International Association for the Study of the Commons
- Patentleft
- Tyranny of small decisions
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Commons" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
