Crusades
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| - | '''Crusades''' were religious conflicts in the [[High Middle Ages]] through to the end of the [[Late Middle Ages]] conducted by Catholic Europe against [[Muslim]]s, [[paganism|pagans]], [[heresy|heretics]], and peoples under the ban of [[excommunication]]. The geographic spread included the [[Near East]], [[Al-Andalus]], [[North Africa|North Africa,]] [[Eastern Europe]] And Northern Europe. They are most popularly associated with campaigns in the [[Holy Land]] to establish control of religious sites but also cover other campaigns for different religious, economic, and political reasons such as the [[Albigensian Crusade]], the [[Aragonese Crusade]], the [[Reconquista]] and the [[Northern Crusades]]. | + | '''Crusades''' were religious conflicts in the [[High Middle Ages]] through to the end of the [[Late Middle Ages]] conducted by [[Catholic Europe]] against [[Muslim]]s, [[paganism|pagans]], [[heresy|heretics]], and peoples under the ban of [[excommunication]]. The geographic spread included the [[Near East]], [[Al-Andalus]], [[North Africa|North Africa,]] [[Eastern Europe]] And Northern Europe. They are most popularly associated with campaigns in the [[Holy Land]] to establish control of religious sites but also cover other campaigns for different religious, economic, and political reasons such as the [[Albigensian Crusade]], the [[Aragonese Crusade]], the [[Reconquista]] and the [[Northern Crusades]]. |
| The adopted emblem was the [[Christian cross|cross]] with the term "crusade" being derived from the French term for taking up the cross. [[Pope Urban II]] proclaimed the first crusade in 1095 with the stated goal of restoring Christian access to the [[List of Christian holy sites in the Holy Land|holy places]] in and near [[Jerusalem]] which led to an intermittent 200-year struggle to reclaim the [[Holy Land]] that ended in failure. The Crusades in the near east formed part of long running conflicts at the frontiers of Europe including the [[Arab–Byzantine Wars]], the [[Byzantine–Seljuq Wars]] and loss of [[Anatolia]] by the [[Byzantine]]'s after defeat by [[Seljuk Turk]]s at [[Battle of Manzikert|Manzikert]] in 1071. Emperor [[Alexios I Komnenos|Alexios I]] sought military support from Christian nations against a common enemy and Urban II looked to take advantage of the opportunity to reunite the Christian church under his leadership, enlisting western leaders in the cause. Several hundred thousand soldiers became Crusaders by taking vows; for which the papacy granted them [[indulgence|plenary indulgences]]. The crusaders were Christians from all over Western Europe under [[feudalism|feudal]] rather than unified command. There were seven major Crusades against Muslim territories in the east and numerous minor ones. Politics were often complicated and intra-faith competition also led to alliances between faiths against their coreligionist opponents, such as the Christian alliance with the Islamic [[Sultanate of Rûm]] during the [[Fifth Crusade]]. | The adopted emblem was the [[Christian cross|cross]] with the term "crusade" being derived from the French term for taking up the cross. [[Pope Urban II]] proclaimed the first crusade in 1095 with the stated goal of restoring Christian access to the [[List of Christian holy sites in the Holy Land|holy places]] in and near [[Jerusalem]] which led to an intermittent 200-year struggle to reclaim the [[Holy Land]] that ended in failure. The Crusades in the near east formed part of long running conflicts at the frontiers of Europe including the [[Arab–Byzantine Wars]], the [[Byzantine–Seljuq Wars]] and loss of [[Anatolia]] by the [[Byzantine]]'s after defeat by [[Seljuk Turk]]s at [[Battle of Manzikert|Manzikert]] in 1071. Emperor [[Alexios I Komnenos|Alexios I]] sought military support from Christian nations against a common enemy and Urban II looked to take advantage of the opportunity to reunite the Christian church under his leadership, enlisting western leaders in the cause. Several hundred thousand soldiers became Crusaders by taking vows; for which the papacy granted them [[indulgence|plenary indulgences]]. The crusaders were Christians from all over Western Europe under [[feudalism|feudal]] rather than unified command. There were seven major Crusades against Muslim territories in the east and numerous minor ones. Politics were often complicated and intra-faith competition also led to alliances between faiths against their coreligionist opponents, such as the Christian alliance with the Islamic [[Sultanate of Rûm]] during the [[Fifth Crusade]]. | ||
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Crusades were religious conflicts in the High Middle Ages through to the end of the Late Middle Ages conducted by Catholic Europe against Muslims, pagans, heretics, and peoples under the ban of excommunication. The geographic spread included the Near East, Al-Andalus, North Africa, Eastern Europe And Northern Europe. They are most popularly associated with campaigns in the Holy Land to establish control of religious sites but also cover other campaigns for different religious, economic, and political reasons such as the Albigensian Crusade, the Aragonese Crusade, the Reconquista and the Northern Crusades.
The adopted emblem was the cross with the term "crusade" being derived from the French term for taking up the cross. Pope Urban II proclaimed the first crusade in 1095 with the stated goal of restoring Christian access to the holy places in and near Jerusalem which led to an intermittent 200-year struggle to reclaim the Holy Land that ended in failure. The Crusades in the near east formed part of long running conflicts at the frontiers of Europe including the Arab–Byzantine Wars, the Byzantine–Seljuq Wars and loss of Anatolia by the Byzantine's after defeat by Seljuk Turks at Manzikert in 1071. Emperor Alexios I sought military support from Christian nations against a common enemy and Urban II looked to take advantage of the opportunity to reunite the Christian church under his leadership, enlisting western leaders in the cause. Several hundred thousand soldiers became Crusaders by taking vows; for which the papacy granted them plenary indulgences. The crusaders were Christians from all over Western Europe under feudal rather than unified command. There were seven major Crusades against Muslim territories in the east and numerous minor ones. Politics were often complicated and intra-faith competition also led to alliances between faiths against their coreligionist opponents, such as the Christian alliance with the Islamic Sultanate of Rûm during the Fifth Crusade.
The Crusades had major political, economic, and social impacts on western Europe. It resulted in a substantial weakening of the Byzantine Empire, which fell several centuries later to the Ottoman Empire. The Reconquista, a long period of wars in Spain and Portugal (Iberia), where Christian forces reconquered the peninsula from Muslims, is closely tied to the Crusades. However, when the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land fell at Acre in 1291 there was no coherent response in the east.
See also
- First Crusade
- Moral crusade
- Albigensian Crusade
- History of the Jews and the Crusades
- List of Crusader castles
- Art of the Crusades
- Crusade cycle
- List of principal Crusaders
