December 14  

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== Art and culture == == Art and culture ==
-*[[1287]] - [[St. Lucia's flood]]: The [[Zuider Zee]] sea wall in the [[Netherlands]] collapses, killing over 50,000 people. 
-*[[1542]] - Princess Mary Stuart becomes Queen [[Mary I of Scotland]]. 
-*[[1702]] (according to the [[Lunisolar calendar|old calendar]]; [[January 30]], [[1703]] by the new calendar) - The [[Forty-seven Ronin]], under the command of [[Ōishi Kuranosuke]], avenged the death of their master. 
-*[[1751]] - The [[Theresian Military Academy]] was founded as the first Military Academy in the world. 
-*[[1789]] - [[Dartmouth College]] is chartered by [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III]] of [[England]]. 
-*[[1782]] - [[Montgolfier]] brothers first balloon lifted on its very first test flight.  
-*[[1799]] - Death of [[George Washington]], first [[president]] of the [[United States]]. 
-*[[1819]] - [[Alabama]] becomes the 22nd [[U.S. state]]. 
-*[[1825]] - Advocates of [[Liberalism]] in [[Russia]] rise up against [[Tsar Nicholas I]] and are put down in the [[Decembrist Revolt]] in [[St. Petersburg]]. 
-*[[1836]] - The [[Toledo War]] unofficially ended.  
-*[[1896]] - The [[Glasgow Subway|Glasgow Underground Railway]] is opened by the Glasgow District Subway Company. 
-*[[1900]] - [[Quantum Mechanics]]: [[Max Planck]] presents a theoretical derivation of his [[Planck's law of black body radiation|black-body radiation law]]. 
-*[[1902]] - The [[Commercial Pacific Cable Company]] lays the first [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] [[Telegraphy|telegraph]] cable, from [[Ocean Beach, San Francisco]] to [[Honolulu, Hawaii]]. 
-*[[1903]] - The [[Wright Brothers]] make their first attempt to fly with the ''[[Wright Flyer]]'' at [[Kitty Hawk, North Carolina]]. It crashes, and 3 days later, after repairs, they get it to fly. 
-*[[1907]] - The schooner [[Thomas W. Lawson (ship)|''Thomas W. Lawson'']] runs aground and founders near the Hellweather's Reef within the [[Scilly Isles]] in a gale. The pilot and 15 seamen die. 
-*[[1911]] - [[Roald Amundsen]]'s team, comprising himself, [[Olav Bjaaland]], [[Helmer Hanssen]], [[Sverre Hassel]], and [[Oscar Wisting]], becomes the first to reach the [[South Pole]]. 
-*[[1914]] - [[Lisandro de la Torre]] and others found the [[Democratic Progressive Party (Argentina)|Democratic Progressist Party]] (''Partido Demócrata Progresista'', PDP) at the Hotel Savoy, [[Buenos Aires]]. 
-*[[1918]] - [[Friedrich Karl von Hessen]], a [[Germany|German]] prince elected by the [[Parliament of Finland]] to become King [[Väinö I of Finland|Väinö I]], renounces the [[List of Finnish rulers|Finnish throne]]. 
-*[[1939]] - [[Winter War]]: The [[Soviet Union]] is expelled from the [[League of Nations]]. 
-*[[1941]] - [[Germany|German]] military commander of [[Kharkiv]], [[Ukraine]] issued an order, according to which the [[Jewish]] population was to move to the city periphery within 2 days, into the barracks of the works of a machine factory. In the next days 15,000 Jews were shot at [[Drobitsky Yar]]. 
-* 1941 - [[World War II]]: [[Japan]] signs [[treaty of alliance]] with [[Thailand]]. 
-*[[1946]] - The [[UN General Assembly]] votes to establish its headquarters in [[New York City]]. 
-*[[1947]] - The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ([[NASCAR]]) is founded in [[Daytona Beach, Florida]]. 
-*[[1955]] - [[Albania]], [[Austria]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Finland]], [[Hungary]], [[Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[Jordan]], [[Laos]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]] and [[Spain]] join the [[United Nations]]. 
-*[[1958]] - The 3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition becomes the first-ever to reach [[South Pole|The Pole of Relative Inaccessibility]] in the [[Antarctic]]. 
*[[1959]] - The ''[[Motown]]'' [[record label]] is founded in [[Detroit, Michigan]] by [[Berry Gordy]]. *[[1959]] - The ''[[Motown]]'' [[record label]] is founded in [[Detroit, Michigan]] by [[Berry Gordy]].
-*[[1962]] - [[NASA]]'s ''[[Mariner 2]]'' becomes the first [[spacecraft]] to fly by [[Venus (planet)|Venus]]. 
-*[[1964]] - [[American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)|American Civil Rights Movement]]: ''[[Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States]]'' - The [[United States Supreme Court]] rules that the [[U.S. Congress]] can use its [[Commerce Clause]] power to fight discrimination. 
-*[[1972]] - [[Apollo program]]: [[Eugene Cernan]] is the last person to walk on the moon, after he and [[Harrison Schmitt]] complete the third and final [[Extra-vehicular activity]] (EVA) of [[Apollo 17]]. This was the last manned mission to the moon of the 20th century. 
*[[1979]] - Legendary [[punk rock]] group [[The Clash]] release ''[[London Calling]]'' in the UK, a landmark album in rock music. *[[1979]] - Legendary [[punk rock]] group [[The Clash]] release ''[[London Calling]]'' in the UK, a landmark album in rock music.
-*[[1981]] - [[Arab-Israeli conflict]]: [[Israel]]'s [[Knesset]] passes ''The [[Golan Heights Law]]'', extending Israeli law to the area of the [[Golan Heights]]. 
-*[[1995]] - [[Yugoslav Wars]]: The [[Dayton Agreement]] is signed in [[Paris]] by leaders of various governments. 
-*[[2003]] - [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharaf]] narrowly escapes an assassination attempt. 
-*[[2004]] - The [[Millau viaduct]], the highest bridge in the world, near [[Millau]], [[France]] is officially opened. 
==Births== ==Births==

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