Digest
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| - | [[Lettre de cachet]] ([[EB 1911)]] | ||
| - | '''LETTRES DE CACHET.''' Considered solely as French documents, ''lettres de cachet'' may be defined as letters signed by the king of [[France]], countersigned by one of his ministers, and closed with the royal [[seal]] (''cachet) .'' They contained an order - in principle, any order whatsoever - emanating directly from the king, and executory by himself. In the case of organized bodies ''lettres de cachet'' were issued for the purpose of enjoining members to assemble or to accomplish some definite act; the provincial estates were convoked in this manner, and it was by a ''lettre de cachet'' (called ''lettre de jussion'') that the king ordered a [[parlement]] to [[register]] a law in the teeth of its own remonstrances. The best-known ''lettres de cachet,'' however, were those which may be called penal, by which the king sentenced a subject without trial and without an opportunity of defence to imprisonment in a state [[prison]] or an ordinary [[gaol]], confinement in a [[convent]] or a [[hospital]], transportation to the colonies, or relegation to a given place within the [[realm]]. | + | '''Digest''' can refer to any of the following: |
| + | *A tax digest | ||
| + | *[[Digestion]] of food | ||
| + | ** Digestophobia, the fear of eating something that may upset your stomach | ||
| + | *[[Digest access authentication]] in [[HTTP]], [[Session Initiation Protocol|SIP]] and other computer network protocols | ||
| + | *[[Hash algorithm]], sometimes called "[[message digest]]" | ||
| + | *A style or format of distribution of electronic mailing lists in which multiple messages are placed together and distributed as a single unit. It is a MIME Multipart Subtype. See [[MIME]]. | ||
| + | *''[[Pandects]]'', a digest of Roman law | ||
| + | *In [[biology]], a [[restriction digest]] cleaves [[DNA]] using [[restriction endonucleases]], or [[protein]] is digested into [[peptide]]s | ||
| + | *Any of several periodical publications with "Digest" in the title: | ||
| + | **''[[Children's Digest]]'' | ||
| + | **''[[Consumers Digest]]'' | ||
| + | **''[[Football Digest]]'' | ||
| + | **''[[Golf Digest]]'' | ||
| + | **''[[Reader's Digest]]'' | ||
| + | **''[[Writer's Digest]]'' | ||
| + | *[[Digest size]] magazine format, used by some magazines (though not always consistently used by magazines with "Digest" in their names) | ||
| - | The power which the king exercised on these various occasions was a royal privilege recognized by old French law, and can be traced to a maxim which furnished a text of the ''[[Digest]]'' of Justinian: "[[Rex solutus est a legibus]]." This signified particularly that when the king intervened directly in the administration proper, or in the administration of justice, by a special act of his will, he could decide without heeding the laws, and even in a sense contrary to the laws. This was an early conception, and in early times the order in question was simply verbal; thus some [[Letters Patent|letters patent]] of [[Henry Iii|Henry III]]. of France in 1 576 (Isambert, ''Anciennes lois francaises,'' xiv. 278) state that Francois de [[Montmorency (Family)|Montmorency]] was "prisoner in our [[castle]] of the [[Bastille]] in [[Paris]] by verbal command" of the late king [[Charles Ix|Charles IX]]. But in the 14th century the principle was introduced that the order should be written, and hence arose the ''lettre de cachet.'' The ''lettre de cachet '' belonged to the class of ''lettres closes,'' as opposed to ''lettres patentes,'' which contained the expression of the legal and permanent will of the king, and had to be furnished with the seal of state affixed by the chancellor. The ''lettres de cachet,'' on the contrary, were signed simply by a [[Secretary Of State|secretary of state]] (formerly known as ''secretaire des commandements'') for the king; they bore merely the imprint of the king's [[Privy Seal|privy seal]], from which circumstance they were often called, in the r4th and r5th centuries, ''lettres de petit signet'' or ''lettres de petit cachet,'' and were entirely exempt from the control of the chancellor. | + | '''DIGEST''' can refer to: |
| + | * [[Digital Geographic Exchange Standard]] | ||
| - | While serving the government as a silent [[weapon]] against political adversaries or dangerous writers and as a means of punishing culprits of high birth without the [[scandal]] of a suit at law, the ''lettres de cachet'' had many other uses. They were employed by the [[police]] in dealing with prostitutes, and on their authority lunatics were shut up in hospitals and sometimes in prisons. They were also often used by heads of families as a means of correction, ''e.g.'' for protecting the family honour from the disorderly or criminal conduct of sons; wives, too, took advantage of them to curb the profligacy of husbands and vice versa. They were issued by the intermediary on the advice of the intendants in the provinces and of the lieutenant of police in Paris. In reality, the secretary of state issued them in a completely arbitrary fashion, and in most cases the king was unaware of their issue. In the 18th century it is certain that the letters were often issued [[blank]], ''i.e.'' without containing the name of the person against whom they were directed; the recipient, or mandatary, filled in the name in order to make the letter effective. | ||
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| - | Protests against the ''lettres de cachet'' were made continually by the parlement of Paris and by the provincial parlements, and often also by the [[States-General]]. In 1648 the sovereign courts of Paris procured their momentary suppression in a kind of charter of liberties which they imposed upon the [[crown]], but which was ephemeral. It was not until the reign of [[Louis XVI]]. that a reaction against this abuse became clearly perceptible. At the beginning of that reign [[Chretien Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes|Malesherbes]] during his short ministry endeavoured to infuse some measure of justice into the system, and in March 1784 the baron de Breteuil, a minister of the king's household, addressed a circular to the intendants and the lieutenant of police with a view to preventing the crying abuses connected with the issue of ''lettres de cachet. '' In Paris, in 1779, the ''Cour des Aides'' demanded their suppression, and in March 1788 the parlement of Paris made some exceedingly energetic remonstrances, which are important for the light they throw upon old French public law. The crown, however, did not decide to lay aside this weapon, and in a declaration to the States-General in the royal [[session]] of the 23rd of June 1789 (art. 15) it did not renounce it absolutely. ''Lettres de cachet '' were abolished by the Constituent Assembly, but [[Napoleon]] reestablished their equivalent by a political measure in the [[decree]] of the 9th of March 1801 on the state prisons. This was one of the acts brought up against him by the ''senatus-consulte'' of the 3rd of April 1814, which pronounced his fall "considering that he has violated the constitutional laws by the decrees on the state prisons." See [[Honore Gabriel Riqueti, Comte De Mirabeau|Honore Mirabeau]], ''Les Lettres de cachet et des prisons d'etat '' (Hamburg, 1782), written in the [[dungeon]] at [[Vincennes]] into which his father had thrown him by a ''lettre de cachet,'' one of the ablest and most eloquent of his works, which had an immense circulation and was translated into English with a [[dedication]] to the duke of [[Norfolk]] in 1788; Frantz Funck-Brentano, ''Les Lettres de cachet d Paris'' (Paris, 1904); and Andre Chassaigne, ''Les Lettres de cachet sous l'ancien regime'' (Paris, 1903). (J. P. E.) | ||
| - | <hr> | ||
| - | [[Introducing InyoureyesIamhome]] | ||
| - | The blog found while researching [[André Lambert]] is called "InyoureyesIamhome" | ||
| - | [http://fairynikko.wordpress.com/]. | ||
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| - | The blog also features | ||
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| - | *[[Emile Munier]] ''[[Portrait de Marie-Louise]]''[http://fairynikko.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/munier_1879_04_portrait_de_marie_louise.jpg], 1879 | ||
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| - | *[[Constantin Brancusi]], [[The Kiss (Brancusi sculpture)|The Kiss]][http://fairynikko.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/le-bai10.jpg?w=542&h=600], 1907 | ||
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| - | *[[Kizette in Pink]], 1926 by [[Tamara de Lempicka]] | ||
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| - | *[[Georg Flegel]][http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Georg_Flegel_004.jpg] | ||
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| - | *[[Jan Davidsz de Heem]][http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Jan_Davidsz_de_Heem_006.jpg] | ||
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| - | <hr> | ||
| - | How many years did [[Mirabeau]] spend in prison? There was [[Château d'If]], [[Château de Vincennes]], [[Island of Ré]] and [[Fort de Joux]]. | ||
| - | <hr> | ||
| - | *[[Catfish Collins|Phelps "Catfish" Collins]], 66, [[People of the United States|American]] [[guitar]]ist ([[James Brown]], [[Bootsy's Rubber Band]], [[Parliament-Funkadelic]]). | ||
| - | <hr> | ||
| - | ''[[Pre-Noseless Depictions of the Great Sphinx]]'' | ||
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| - | <hr> | ||
| - | [[Scriptorium scene in The Name of the Rose]] | ||
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| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
Revision as of 00:00, 7 August 2010
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Digest can refer to any of the following:
- A tax digest
- Digestion of food
- Digestophobia, the fear of eating something that may upset your stomach
- Digest access authentication in HTTP, SIP and other computer network protocols
- Hash algorithm, sometimes called "message digest"
- A style or format of distribution of electronic mailing lists in which multiple messages are placed together and distributed as a single unit. It is a MIME Multipart Subtype. See MIME.
- Pandects, a digest of Roman law
- In biology, a restriction digest cleaves DNA using restriction endonucleases, or protein is digested into peptides
- Any of several periodical publications with "Digest" in the title:
- Digest size magazine format, used by some magazines (though not always consistently used by magazines with "Digest" in their names)
DIGEST can refer to:
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Digest" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
