Domesday Book

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Domesday Book (Template:IPAc-en or Template:IPAc-en),<ref>{{

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}}</ref> now held at The National Archives, Kew, in South West London, is the record of the great survey of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086. The survey was executed for William I of England (William the Conqueror): "While spending the Christmas time of 1085 in Gloucester, William had deep speech with his counsellors and sent men all over England to each shire to find out what or how much each landholder had in land and livestock, and what it was worth" (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle).

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-[[Domesday Book]] in 1086, while ancient philosophers such as [[Confucius]] wrote on the importance of social roles. There is evidence of early sociology in medieval Islam. Some consider [[Ibn Khaldun]], a 14th-century [[Arab]] [[Islamic]] scholar from North Africa, to have been the first sociologist; his ''[[Muqaddimah]]'' was perhaps the first work to advance social-scientific reasoning on [[social cohesion]] and [[social conflict]]. Most sociological concepts were used in English prior to their adoption as the technical language of sociology.
-The word ''[[wiktionary:sociology|sociology]]'' (or ''"sociologie"'') is derived from both Latin and Greek origins. The [[Latin]] word: ''[[wiktionary:socius|socius]]'', "companion"; the suffix ''[[wiktionary:-logy|-logy]]'', "the study of" from [[Greek language|Greek]] [[wiktionary:-λογία|-λογία]] from [[wiktionary:λόγος|λόγος]], ''lógos'', "word", "knowledge". It was first coined in 1780 by the French essayist [[Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès]] (1748–1836) in an unpublished [[manuscript]]. Sociology was later defined independently by the French [[philosopher of science]], [[Auguste Comte]] (1798–1857), in 1838. Comte used this term to describe a new way of looking at society. Comte had earlier used the term "social physics", but that had subsequently been appropriated by others, most notably the Belgian statistician [[Adolphe Quetelet]]. Comte endeavored to unify history, psychology and economics through the scientific understanding of the social realm. Writing shortly after the malaise of the [[French Revolution]], he proposed that social ills could be remedied through sociological [[positivism]], an epistemological approach outlined in ''[[The Course in Positive Philosophy]]'' [1830–1842] and ''[[A General View of Positivism]]'' (1848). Comte believed a [[Law of three stages|positivist stage]] would mark the final era, after conjectural [[theological]] and [[metaphysics|metaphysical]] phases, in the progression of human understanding. In observing the circular dependence of theory and observation in science, and having classified the sciences, Comte may be regarded as the first [[philosopher of science]] in the modern sense of the term.
+'''''Domesday Book''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|uː|m|z|d|eɪ}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|oʊ|m|z|d|eɪ}}),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/domesday+book?show=0&t=1318466370 |title=Domesday Book |work=Merriam-Webster Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/domesday+book |title=Domesday Book |publisher=Dictionary.com}}</ref> now held at [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]], [[Kew]], in South West London, is the record of the great survey of much of [[England]] and parts of [[Wales]] completed in 1086. The survey was executed for [[William I of England]] (William the Conqueror): "While spending the Christmas time of 1085 in [[Gloucester]], William had deep speech with his counsellors and sent men all over England to each shire to find out what or how much each landholder had in land and livestock, and what it was worth" ''([[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]])''.
-:Comte gave a powerful impetus to the development of sociology, an impetus which bore fruit in the later decades of the nineteenth century. To say this is certainly not to claim that French sociologists such as [[Durkheim]] were devoted disciples of the high priest of positivism. But by insisting on the irreducibility of each of his basic sciences to the particular science of sciences which it presupposed in the hierarchy and by emphasizing the nature of sociology as the scientific study of social phenomena Comte put sociology on the map. To be sure, [its] beginnings can be traced back well beyond [[Montesquieu]], for example, and to [[Condorcet]], not to speak of [[Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon|Saint-Simon]], Comte's immediate predecessor. But Comte's clear recognition of sociology as a particular science, with a character of its own, justified Durkheim in regarding him as the father or founder of this science, in spite of the fact that Durkheim did not accept the idea of the three states and criticized Comte's approach to sociology. --[[Frederick Copleston]] ''A History of Philosophy: IX Modern Philosophy'' 1974|
-Both [[Auguste Comte]] and [[Karl Marx]] set out to develop scientifically justified systems in the wake of European [[industrialization]] and [[secularization]], informed by various key movements in the [[philosophy of history|philosophies of history]] [[philosophy of science|and science]]. Marx rejected Comtean positivism but in attempting to develop a ''science of society'' nevertheless came to be recognized as a founder of sociology as the word gained wider meaning. For [[Isaiah Berlin]], Marx may be regarded as the "true father" of modern sociology, "in so far as anyone can claim the title."
-:To have given clear and unified answers in familiar empirical terms to those theoretical questions which most occupied men's minds at the time, and to have deduced from them clear practical directives without creating obviously artificial links between the two, was the principle achievement of Marx's theory. The sociological treatment of historical and moral problems, which Comte and after him, [[Herbert Spencer|Spencer]] and [[Hippolyte Taine|Taine]], had discussed and mapped, became a precise and concrete study only when the attack of militant Marxism made its conclusions a burning issue, and so made the search for evidence more zealous and the attention to method more intense. --[[Isaiah Berlin]] ''Karl Marx: His Life and Environment'' 1937|
-[[Herbert Spencer]] (27 April 1820&nbsp;– 8 December 1903) was one of the most popular and influential 19th century sociologists. It is estimated that he sold one million books in his lifetime, far more than any other sociologist at the time. So strong was his influence that many other 19th century thinkers, including [[Émile Durkheim]], defined their ideas in relation to his. Durkheim’s ''[[Division of Labour in Society]]'' is to a large extent an extended debate with Spencer from whose sociology, many commentators now agree, Durkheim borrowed extensively. Also a notable [[biologist]], Spencer coined the term "[[survival of the fittest]]". Whilst Marxian ideas defined one strand of sociology, Spencer was a critic of socialism as well as strong advocate for a [[laissez-faire]] style of government. His ideas were highly observed by conservative political circles, especially in the [[United States]] and [[England]].
-===Foundations of the academic discipline===
-Formal academic sociology was established by Émile Durkheim (1858–1917), who developed positivism as a foundation to practical [[social research]]. While Durkheim rejected much of the detail of Comte's philosophy, he retained and refined its method, maintaining that the social sciences are a logical continuation of the natural ones into the realm of human activity, and insisting that they may retain the same objectivity, rationalism, and approach to causality. Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology at the [[University of Bordeaux]] in 1895, publishing his ''[[Rules of the Sociological Method]]'' (1895).
-For Durkheim, sociology could be described as the "science of [[institution]]s, their genesis and their functioning".
-Durkheim's seminal monograph, ''[[Suicide (book)|Suicide]]'' (1897), a case study of suicide rates amongst [[Catholic]] and [[Protestant]] populations, distinguished sociological analysis from [[psychology]] or philosophy. It also marked a major contribution to the theoretical concept of [[structural functionalism]]. By carefully examining suicide statistics in different police districts, he attempted to demonstrate that Catholic communities have a lower suicide rate than that of Protestants, something he attributed to social (as opposed to individual or [[psychological]]) causes. He developed the notion of objective ''suis generis'' "social facts" to delineate a unique empirical object for the science of sociology to study. Through such studies he posited that sociology would be able to determine whether any given society is 'healthy' or 'pathological', and seek social reform to negate organic breakdown or "social [[anomie]]".
-Sociology quickly evolved as an academic response to the perceived challenges of [[modernity]], such as [[industrialization]], [[urbanization]], [[secularization]], and the process of "[[rationalization (sociology)|rationalization]]". The field predominated in [[continental Europe]], with British [[anthropology]] and [[statistics]] generally following on a separate trajectory. By the turn of the 20th century, however, many theorists were active in the [[Anglo-Saxon world]]. Few early sociologists were confined strictly to the subject, interacting also with [[economics]], [[jurisprudence]], psychology and [[philosophy]], with theories being appropriated in a variety of different fields. Since its inception, sociological epistemologies, methods, and frames of inquiry, have significantly expanded and diverged.
-Durkheim, Marx, and the German theorist [[Max Weber]] are typically cited as the three principal architects of social science. [[Herbert Spencer]], [[William Graham Sumner]], [[Lester F. Ward]], [[Vilfredo Pareto]], [[Alexis de Tocqueville]], [[Werner Sombart]], [[Thorstein Veblen]], [[Ferdinand Tönnies]], [[Georg Simmel]] and [[Karl Mannheim]] are occasionally included on academic curricula as founding theorists. Each key figure is associated with a particular theoretical perspective and orientation.
-:Marx and Engels associated the emergence of modern society above all with the development of capitalism; for Durkheim it was connected in particular with industrialization and the new social division of labor which this brought about; for Weber it had to do with the emergence of a distinctive way of thinking, the rational calculation which he associated with the Protestant Ethic (more or less what Marx and Engels speak of in terms of those 'icy waves of egotistical calculation'). Together the works of these great classical sociologists suggest what Giddens has recently described as 'a multidimensional view of institutions of modernity' and which emphasizes not only capitalism and industrialism as key institutions of modernity, but also 'surveillance' (meaning 'control of information and social supervision') and 'military power' (control of the means of violence in the context of the industrialization of war).|John Harriss ''The Second Great Transformation? Capitalism at the End of the Twentieth Century'' 1992|
-===Other developments===
-The first college course entitled "Sociology" was taught in the United States at [[Yale]] in 1875 by [[William Graham Sumner]]. In 1883 [[Lester F. Ward]], the first president of the American Sociological Association, published ''Dynamic Sociology—Or Applied social science as based upon statical sociology and the less complex sciences'' and attacked the laissez-faire sociology of [[Herbert Spencer]] and Sumner. Ward's 1200 page book was used as core material in many early American sociology courses. In 1890, the oldest continuing American course in the modern tradition began at the [[University of Kansas]], lectured by [[Frank W. Blackmar]]. The Department of Sociology at the [[University of Chicago]] was established in 1892 by [[Albion Woodbury Small|Albion Small]], who also published the first sociology textbook: An introduction to the study of society 1894. [[George Herbert Mead]] and [[Charles Cooley]], who had met at the [[University of Michigan]] in 1891 (along with [[John Dewey]]), would move to Chicago in 1894. Their influence gave rise to [[social psychology]] and the [[symbolic interactionism]] of the modern [[Chicago school (sociology)|Chicago School]]. The ''[[American Journal of Sociology]]'' was founded in 1895, followed by the ''[[American Sociological Association]]'' (ASA) in 1905. The sociological "canon of classics" with Durkheim and [[Max Weber]] at the top owes in part to [[Talcott Parsons]], who is largely credited with introducing both to American audiences. Parsons consolidated the sociological tradition and set the agenda for American sociology at the point of its fastest disciplinary growth. Sociology in the United States was less historically influenced by [[Marxism]] than its European counterpart, and to this day broadly remains more statistical in its approach.
-The first sociology department to be established in the United Kingdom was at the [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]] (home of the ''[[British Journal of Sociology]]'') in 1904. [[Harriet Martineau]], an English translator of Comte, has been cited as the first female sociologist. In 1909 the ''Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie'' ([[German Sociological Association]]) was founded by [[Ferdinand Tönnies]] and Max Weber, among others. Weber established the first department in Germany at the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] in 1919, having presented an influential new [[antipositivist]] sociology. In 1920, [[Florian Znaniecki]] set up the first department [[Sociology in Poland|in Poland]]. The ''[[Institute for Social Research]]'' at the [[Goethe University Frankfurt|University of Frankfurt]] (later to become the [[Frankfurt School]] of [[critical theory]]) was founded in 1923. International co-operation in sociology began in 1893, when [[René Worms]] founded the ''[[:fr:René Worms|Institut International de Sociologie]]'', an institution later eclipsed by the much larger [[International Sociological Association]] (ISA), founded in 1949.
-== See also ==
-<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2;">
-*[[List of sociologists]]
-*[[Social]]
-*[[Social criticism]]
-*[[Subfields of sociology]]
-*[[History of sociology]]
-*[[Timeline of sociology]]
-*[[History of social science]]
-*[[Index of sociology articles]]
-*[[Outline of sociology]]
-</div>
+==See also==
+*[[Medieval demography]]
+*''[[Quia Emptores]]''
+*[[Publications of the Domesday book since 1086]]
+*[[Photozincography of the Domesday Book]]
+*''[[Cestui que]]''
+*''[[Taxatio]]''
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Domesday Book

From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia

Revision as of 06:37, 31 May 2013

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