Dutch Golden Age  

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The '''Golden Age''' was a period in [[Netherlands|Dutch]] history, roughly spanning the [[17th century]], in which Dutch [[trade]], [[science]], and [[art]] were among the most acclaimed in the world. The '''Golden Age''' was a period in [[Netherlands|Dutch]] history, roughly spanning the [[17th century]], in which Dutch [[trade]], [[science]], and [[art]] were among the most acclaimed in the world.
 +== Culture ==
 +The Low Countries witnessed a cultural development that stood out from neighbouring countries. With some exceptions (notably Dutch playwright [[Joost van den Vondel]]) the [[Baroque]] movement did not gain much influence. Its exuberance did not fit the austerity of the largely [[calvinism|Calvinistic]] population.
 +
 +The major force behind new developments was formed by the citizenry, notably in the western provinces: first and foremost in [[Holland]], to a lesser extent [[Zeeland]] and [[Utrecht (province)|Utrecht]]. Where rich aristocrats often became patrons of art in other countries, because of their comparative absence in the Netherlands this role was played by wealthy merchants and other patricians.
 +
 +Centres of cultural activity were town militia (Dutch: ''[[schutterij]]'') and [[chamber of rhetoric|chambers of rhetoric]] (Dutch ''rederijkerskamer''). The former were created for town defence and policing, but also served as a meeting-place for the well-to-do, who were proud to play a prominent part and paid a fair sum to see this preserved for posterity by means of a group portrait. The latter were associations on a city level, that fostered literary activities, like poetry, drama and discussions, often through contests. Cities took pride in their existence and promoted them.
 +
 +=== Painting ===
 +:''[[Dutch Golden Age painting]]''
 +Dutch Golden Age painting followed many of the tendencies that dominated [[Baroque art]] in other parts of Europe, such as [[Caravaggism|Caravaggesque]] and [[Naturalism (arts)|naturalism]], but was the leader in developing the subjects of [[still life]], [[landscape painting|landscape]], and [[genre painting]]. [[Portrait]]ure were also popular, but [[History painting]] — traditionally the [[hierarchy of genres|most-elevated genre]] struggled to find buyers. Church art was virtually non-existent, and little sculpture of any kind produced. While art collecting and painting for the open market was also common elsewhere, art historians point to the growing number of wealthy Dutch [[middle-class]] and successful mercantile patrons as driving forces in the popularity of certain pictorial subjects.
 +
 +This trend, along with the lack of [[Counter-Reformation]] church patronage that dominated the arts in Catholic Europe, resulted in the great number of "[[genre works|scenes of everyday life]]" or genre paintings, and other non-religious pictures. Landscapes and seascapes, for example, reflect the land reclaimed from the sea and the sources of trade and naval power that mark the Republic's Golden Age. One subject that is quite characteristic of Dutch Baroque painting is the large group portrait, especially of civic and [[militia]] [[guilds]], such as [[Rembrandt van Rijn]]'s ''[[Night Watch (painting)|Nightwatch]]''.
 +
 +Today, the best-known painters of the Dutch Golden Age are the period's most dominant figure [[Rembrandt]], the [[Delft]] master of genre [[Johannes Vermeer]], the innovative landscape painter [[Jacob van Ruisdael]], and [[Frans Hals]], who infused new life into portraiture. Some notable artistic styles and trends include Haarlem [[Mannerism]], [[Utrecht Caravaggism]], the [[Delft School (painting)|School of Delft]], the Leiden [[fijnschilder]]s, and Dutch [[classicism]].
 +
 +=== Architecture ===
 +:[[""Dutch Baroque architecture]]''
 +
 +Dutch architecture was taken to a new height in the Golden Age. Due to the thriving economy cities expanded greatly. New town halls, weighhouses and storehouses were built. Merchants that had gained a fortune ordered a new house built along one of the many new canals that were dug out in and around many cities (for defense and transport purposes), a house with an ornamented façade that befitted their new status. In the countryside, many new castles and stately homes were built. Alas, most of them have not survived.
 +
 +Early in the 17th century late [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] elements still prevailed, combined with [[Renaissance]] motives. After a few decades French [[classicism]] gained prominence: vertical elements were stressed, less ornamentation was used, natural stone was preferred above bricks. In the last decades of the century this trend towards sobriety intensified. From around 1670 the most prominent features of a housefront were its entrance, with pillars on each side and possibly a balcony above it, but no further decoration.
 +
 +Starting at 1595 Reformed churches were commissioned, many of which are still landmarks today.
 +
 +The most famous Dutch architects of the 17th century were [[Jacob van Campen]], [[Pieter Post]], Pieter Vingbooms, [[Lieven de Key]], [[Hendrick de Keyser]].
 +
 +=== Sculpture ===
 +Dutch 17th-century achievements in sculpture are less prominent than in painting and architecture, and fewer examples were created than in neighbouring countries. One reason for this was their absence in the interiors of Protestant churches; after all, objection to Roman Catholic veneration of statues had been one of the contentious points of the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]]. Another was the comparatively small class of nobles. Sculptures were commissioned for government buildings, private buildings (often adorning housefronts) and exteriors of churches. There was also a clientele for grave monuments and portrait busts.
 +
 +[[Hendrick de Keyser]], who was active at the dawn of the Golden Age, is one of the few prominent home-grown sculptors. In the 1650s and 1660s, the [[Flemish people|Flemish]] sculptor [[Artus I Quellinus]], along with his [[Quellinus family|family]] and followers like [[Rombout Verhulst]], were responsible for the [[classicism|classicizing]] decorations for the [[Royal Palace (Amsterdam)|Amsterdam city hall]] (now the Royal Palace, Amsterdam). This remains the major monument of Dutch Golden Age sculpture.
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The Golden Age was a period in Dutch history, roughly spanning the 17th century, in which Dutch trade, science, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world.

Contents

Culture

The Low Countries witnessed a cultural development that stood out from neighbouring countries. With some exceptions (notably Dutch playwright Joost van den Vondel) the Baroque movement did not gain much influence. Its exuberance did not fit the austerity of the largely Calvinistic population.

The major force behind new developments was formed by the citizenry, notably in the western provinces: first and foremost in Holland, to a lesser extent Zeeland and Utrecht. Where rich aristocrats often became patrons of art in other countries, because of their comparative absence in the Netherlands this role was played by wealthy merchants and other patricians.

Centres of cultural activity were town militia (Dutch: schutterij) and chambers of rhetoric (Dutch rederijkerskamer). The former were created for town defence and policing, but also served as a meeting-place for the well-to-do, who were proud to play a prominent part and paid a fair sum to see this preserved for posterity by means of a group portrait. The latter were associations on a city level, that fostered literary activities, like poetry, drama and discussions, often through contests. Cities took pride in their existence and promoted them.

Painting

Dutch Golden Age painting

Dutch Golden Age painting followed many of the tendencies that dominated Baroque art in other parts of Europe, such as Caravaggesque and naturalism, but was the leader in developing the subjects of still life, landscape, and genre painting. Portraiture were also popular, but History painting — traditionally the most-elevated genre struggled to find buyers. Church art was virtually non-existent, and little sculpture of any kind produced. While art collecting and painting for the open market was also common elsewhere, art historians point to the growing number of wealthy Dutch middle-class and successful mercantile patrons as driving forces in the popularity of certain pictorial subjects.

This trend, along with the lack of Counter-Reformation church patronage that dominated the arts in Catholic Europe, resulted in the great number of "scenes of everyday life" or genre paintings, and other non-religious pictures. Landscapes and seascapes, for example, reflect the land reclaimed from the sea and the sources of trade and naval power that mark the Republic's Golden Age. One subject that is quite characteristic of Dutch Baroque painting is the large group portrait, especially of civic and militia guilds, such as Rembrandt van Rijn's Nightwatch.

Today, the best-known painters of the Dutch Golden Age are the period's most dominant figure Rembrandt, the Delft master of genre Johannes Vermeer, the innovative landscape painter Jacob van Ruisdael, and Frans Hals, who infused new life into portraiture. Some notable artistic styles and trends include Haarlem Mannerism, Utrecht Caravaggism, the School of Delft, the Leiden fijnschilders, and Dutch classicism.

Architecture

""Dutch Baroque architecture

Dutch architecture was taken to a new height in the Golden Age. Due to the thriving economy cities expanded greatly. New town halls, weighhouses and storehouses were built. Merchants that had gained a fortune ordered a new house built along one of the many new canals that were dug out in and around many cities (for defense and transport purposes), a house with an ornamented façade that befitted their new status. In the countryside, many new castles and stately homes were built. Alas, most of them have not survived.

Early in the 17th century late Gothic elements still prevailed, combined with Renaissance motives. After a few decades French classicism gained prominence: vertical elements were stressed, less ornamentation was used, natural stone was preferred above bricks. In the last decades of the century this trend towards sobriety intensified. From around 1670 the most prominent features of a housefront were its entrance, with pillars on each side and possibly a balcony above it, but no further decoration.

Starting at 1595 Reformed churches were commissioned, many of which are still landmarks today.

The most famous Dutch architects of the 17th century were Jacob van Campen, Pieter Post, Pieter Vingbooms, Lieven de Key, Hendrick de Keyser.

Sculpture

Dutch 17th-century achievements in sculpture are less prominent than in painting and architecture, and fewer examples were created than in neighbouring countries. One reason for this was their absence in the interiors of Protestant churches; after all, objection to Roman Catholic veneration of statues had been one of the contentious points of the Reformation. Another was the comparatively small class of nobles. Sculptures were commissioned for government buildings, private buildings (often adorning housefronts) and exteriors of churches. There was also a clientele for grave monuments and portrait busts.

Hendrick de Keyser, who was active at the dawn of the Golden Age, is one of the few prominent home-grown sculptors. In the 1650s and 1660s, the Flemish sculptor Artus I Quellinus, along with his family and followers like Rombout Verhulst, were responsible for the classicizing decorations for the Amsterdam city hall (now the Royal Palace, Amsterdam). This remains the major monument of Dutch Golden Age sculpture.




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