Emmanuel Mounier
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| - | '''Zeev Sternhell''' (born 10 April 1935) is a [[Poles|Polish]]-born [[Israel]]i historian, political scientist, commentator on the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], and writer. He is one of the world's leading experts on [[fascism]]. Sternhell headed the Department of Political Science at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] and writes for ''[[Haaretz]]'' newspaper. | + | '''Emmanuel Mounier''' (1 April 1905 – 22 March 1950) was a French philosopher, theologian, teacher and essayist. |
| - | ==Research== | + | |
| - | Zeev Sternhell traces the roots of [[fascism]] to [[revolutionary]] [[far-left]] [[France|French]] movements, adding a branch, called the 'revolutionary right', to the three traditional right-wing families cited by [[René Rémond]] – [[legitimists|legitimism]], [[Orléanist|Orleanism]], and [[Bonapartism]]. The main influences, according to Sternhell were: | + | |
| - | *''Boulangisme'', a [[Populism|populist]] movement led by [[Georges Boulanger]] who almost succeeded in his attempt at a coup d'état in 1889; | + | |
| - | *[[anarcho-syndicalism|Revolutionary syndicalism]], pointing out how some [[Italy|Italian]] anarcho-syndicalists, influenced by [[George Sorel]]'s thought, embraced fascism in its early stages; | + | |
| - | *[[Cercle Proudhon]]'s intellectual influence and the synthesis it would have provoked (the activities of [[Georges Valois]] and [[Edouard Berth]]). | + | |
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| - | His research has sparked criticism, in particular from French scholars who argue that the [[Vichy France|Vichy regime]] (1940–1944) was of a more traditional [[conservatism|conservative]] persuasion, although belonging to the far-right, than it was [[counter-revolutionary]], counter-revolutionary ideas being a main characteristic of fascism. [[René Rémond]] has questioned Sternhell's attribution of 'boulangisme' to the revolutionary right-wing movements. Some scholars say that Sternhell's thesis may shed important light on intellectual influences of fascism, but fascism in itself was not born of a sole [[ideology]] and its sociological make-up and popularity among the working classes must also be taken into account. | + | |
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| - | [[Stanley G. Payne]], for example, remarks in ''A History of Fascism'' that "Zeev Sternhell has conclusively demonstrated that nearly all the ideas found in fascism first appeared in France." Fascism developed as a political movement in Italy, however, from where it exercised a prolonged influence on [[Nazism]]. | + | |
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| - | Sternhell's identification of [[Spiritualism (religious movement)|Spiritualism]] with fascism has also given rise to debate, in particular his claim that [[Emmanuel Mounier]]'s [[personalism]] movement "shared ideas and political reflexes with Fascism". Sternhell has argued that Mounier's "revolt against individualism and materialism" would have led him to share the ideology of fascism. | + | |
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Revision as of 20:48, 10 September 2019
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Emmanuel Mounier (1 April 1905 – 22 March 1950) was a French philosopher, theologian, teacher and essayist.
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Emmanuel Mounier" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
