Eugenics
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| + | "And I think that our braver and better youth, besides their other honours and rewards, might have greater facilities of [[intercourse]] with women given them; their bravery will be a reason, and such fathers ought to have as many sons as possible." --''[[The Republic]]'', Plato | ||
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| - | '''Eugenics''' is a social [[philosophy]] which advocates the improvement of [[human]] [[hereditary]] [[trait]]s through various forms of intervention. The goals of various groups advocating eugenics have included the creation of healthier, more [[intelligence (trait)|intelligent]] people, to save society's [[economics|resources]], and lessen human [[suffering]], as well as desires to breed for optimal qualities. | + | '''Eugenics''' is a social [[philosophy]] which advocates the improvement of [[human]] [[hereditary]] [[trait]]s through various forms of intervention. The goals of various groups advocating eugenics have included the creation of healthier, more [[intelligence (trait)|intelligent]] people, to save society's [[economics|resources]], and lessen human [[suffering]], as well as desires to [[breed]] for optimal qualities. |
| Earlier proposed means of achieving these goals focused on [[selective breeding]], while modern ones focus on [[prenatal testing]] and [[fetal screening|screening]], [[genetic counseling]], [[birth control]], [[in vitro fertilization]], and [[genetic engineering]]. Opponents argue that eugenics is [[immoral]] and is based on, or is itself, [[pseudoscience]]. Historically, eugenics has been used as a justification for coercive state-sponsored [[discrimination]] and human rights violations, such as [[forced sterilization]] of persons who appear to have - or are claimed to have - genetic defects, the killing of the [[Institutionalisation|institutionalized]] and, in some cases, outright [[genocide]] of races perceived as inferior or undesireable. | Earlier proposed means of achieving these goals focused on [[selective breeding]], while modern ones focus on [[prenatal testing]] and [[fetal screening|screening]], [[genetic counseling]], [[birth control]], [[in vitro fertilization]], and [[genetic engineering]]. Opponents argue that eugenics is [[immoral]] and is based on, or is itself, [[pseudoscience]]. Historically, eugenics has been used as a justification for coercive state-sponsored [[discrimination]] and human rights violations, such as [[forced sterilization]] of persons who appear to have - or are claimed to have - genetic defects, the killing of the [[Institutionalisation|institutionalized]] and, in some cases, outright [[genocide]] of races perceived as inferior or undesireable. | ||
| Breeding of human beings was suggested at least as far back as [[Plato]], but the modern field and term was first formulated by Sir [[Francis Galton]] in 1865, drawing on the recent work of his cousin [[Charles Darwin]]. From its inception eugenics was supported by prominent people, including [[Alexander Graham Bell]], [[George Bernard Shaw]], [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Adolf Hitler]]. Eugenics was an academic discipline at many colleges and universities. Funding was provided by prestigious sources such as the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], the [[Carnegie Institute of Washington]], and the [[Mary Williamson Averell|Harriman family]]. Its scientific reputation started to tumble in the 1930s, a time when [[Ernst Rüdin]] began incorporating eugenic rhetoric into the [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany|racial policies]] of [[Nazi Germany]]. | Breeding of human beings was suggested at least as far back as [[Plato]], but the modern field and term was first formulated by Sir [[Francis Galton]] in 1865, drawing on the recent work of his cousin [[Charles Darwin]]. From its inception eugenics was supported by prominent people, including [[Alexander Graham Bell]], [[George Bernard Shaw]], [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Adolf Hitler]]. Eugenics was an academic discipline at many colleges and universities. Funding was provided by prestigious sources such as the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], the [[Carnegie Institute of Washington]], and the [[Mary Williamson Averell|Harriman family]]. Its scientific reputation started to tumble in the 1930s, a time when [[Ernst Rüdin]] began incorporating eugenic rhetoric into the [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany|racial policies]] of [[Nazi Germany]]. | ||
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| + | Since the [[World War II|postwar]] period, both the public and the scientific community has generally associated eugenics with [[Nazism|Nazi]] abuses, which included enforced [[racial hygiene]], [[human experimentation]], and the [[extermination]] of undesired population groups. Developments in genetic, genomic, and reproductive technologies at the end of the 20th century however, have raised many new questions and concerns about what exactly constitutes the meaning of ''eugenics'' and what its ethical and moral status is in the modern era. | ||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| - | *''[[Eugenics: The Orphaned Science]]'' by [[Adam Parfrey]] | + | *''[[Eugenics: The Orphaned Science]]'' by Adam Parfrey |
| - | Quotations from [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]], [[Plato]], [[Thomas Malthus]], Count [[Arthur de Gobineau]], Sir [[Francis Galton]], [[Charles Darwin]], [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], [[Herbert Spencer]], Dr. [[Alexander Graham Bell]], [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]], [[Havelock Ellis]], [[Madison Grant]], [[Paul Popenoe]] & [[Roswell Johnson|Roswell Hill Johnson]], [[H.A. Schultz]], [[Albert Edward Wiggam]], [[Adolf Hitler]], Justice [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]], [[Bertrand Russel]], [[Rudolf Frerks]], [[Lothrop Stoddard]], [[A.F. Tregold]], [[Aldous Huxley]], [[Paul Ehrlich]], [[Edward O. Wilson]], [[Arthur Jensen]], and ''[[The New York Times]]'' | + | ==See also== |
| + | *[[Biopolitics]] | ||
| + | *[[Biological determinism]] | ||
| + | *[[Euthenics]] | ||
| + | *[[Genetic determinism]] | ||
| + | *[[Genetic engineering in fiction]] | ||
| + | *[[Genetic pollution]] | ||
| + | *[[Genism]] | ||
| + | *[[Nature versus nurture]] | ||
| + | *''[[The Pivot of Civilization]]'' (book) | ||
| + | *[[Positive Eugenics in America]] | ||
| + | *[[Racial hygiene]] | ||
| + | *[[Social Darwinism]] | ||
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| + | '''Individuals:''' | ||
| + | *[[John M. MacEachran]] | ||
| + | *[[Bénédict Morel]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Organisations:''' | ||
| + | *[[Alberta Eugenics Board]] | ||
| + | *[[Repository for Germinal Choice]], a [[Intelligence quotient|high IQ]] [[sperm bank]]. | ||
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| + | '''Genetic factors:''' | ||
| + | *[[Genetics and violence]] | ||
| + | *[[Inheritance of intelligence]] | ||
| + | *[[Race and intelligence]] | ||
| - | Since the [[World War II|postwar]] period, both the public and the scientific community has generally associated eugenics with [[Nazism|Nazi]] abuses, which included enforced [[racial hygiene]], [[human experimentation]], and the [[extermination]] of undesired population groups. Developments in genetic, genomic, and reproductive technologies at the end of the 20th century however, have raised many new questions and concerns about what exactly constitutes the meaning of ''eugenics'' and what its ethical and moral status is in the modern era. | ||
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Revision as of 15:50, 17 December 2018
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"And I think that our braver and better youth, besides their other honours and rewards, might have greater facilities of intercourse with women given them; their bravery will be a reason, and such fathers ought to have as many sons as possible." --The Republic, Plato |
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Eugenics is a social philosophy which advocates the improvement of human hereditary traits through various forms of intervention. The goals of various groups advocating eugenics have included the creation of healthier, more intelligent people, to save society's resources, and lessen human suffering, as well as desires to breed for optimal qualities.
Earlier proposed means of achieving these goals focused on selective breeding, while modern ones focus on prenatal testing and screening, genetic counseling, birth control, in vitro fertilization, and genetic engineering. Opponents argue that eugenics is immoral and is based on, or is itself, pseudoscience. Historically, eugenics has been used as a justification for coercive state-sponsored discrimination and human rights violations, such as forced sterilization of persons who appear to have - or are claimed to have - genetic defects, the killing of the institutionalized and, in some cases, outright genocide of races perceived as inferior or undesireable.
Breeding of human beings was suggested at least as far back as Plato, but the modern field and term was first formulated by Sir Francis Galton in 1865, drawing on the recent work of his cousin Charles Darwin. From its inception eugenics was supported by prominent people, including Alexander Graham Bell, George Bernard Shaw, Winston Churchill and Adolf Hitler. Eugenics was an academic discipline at many colleges and universities. Funding was provided by prestigious sources such as the Rockefeller Foundation, the Carnegie Institute of Washington, and the Harriman family. Its scientific reputation started to tumble in the 1930s, a time when Ernst Rüdin began incorporating eugenic rhetoric into the racial policies of Nazi Germany.
Since the postwar period, both the public and the scientific community has generally associated eugenics with Nazi abuses, which included enforced racial hygiene, human experimentation, and the extermination of undesired population groups. Developments in genetic, genomic, and reproductive technologies at the end of the 20th century however, have raised many new questions and concerns about what exactly constitutes the meaning of eugenics and what its ethical and moral status is in the modern era.
See also
- Eugenics: The Orphaned Science by Adam Parfrey
See also
- Biopolitics
- Biological determinism
- Euthenics
- Genetic determinism
- Genetic engineering in fiction
- Genetic pollution
- Genism
- Nature versus nurture
- The Pivot of Civilization (book)
- Positive Eugenics in America
- Racial hygiene
- Social Darwinism
Individuals:
Organisations:
Genetic factors:
