February 14  

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== Art and culture == == Art and culture ==
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-* [[842]] - [[Charles the Bald]] and [[Louis the German]] swear the [[Oaths of Strasbourg]] in the [[French language|French]] and [[German language|German]] languages. 
-*[[1014]] - [[Pope Benedict VIII]] recognizes [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry of Bavaria]] as [[Monarchy|King]] of [[Germany]]. 
-*[[1076]] - [[Pope Gregory VII]] excommunicates [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor]]. 
-*[[1349]] - Approximately 2,000 [[Jews]] were burned to death by mobs or forcibly removed from the city of [[Strasbourg]]. 
-*[[1556]] - [[Thomas Cranmer]] is declared a [[Christian heresy|heretic]]. 
-*[[1743]] - [[Henry Pelham]] becomes [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]]. 
-*[[1778]] - The [[United States Flag]] was formally recognized by a foreign naval vessel for the first time, when [[France|French]] [[Admiral]] [[Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte]] rendered a nine gun salute to [[USS Ranger (1777)|USS ''Ranger'']], commanded by [[John Paul Jones]]. 
*[[1779]] - [[James Cook]] was killed by [[Native Hawaiians]] near [[Kealakekua]] on the [[Island of Hawaii]]. *[[1779]] - [[James Cook]] was killed by [[Native Hawaiians]] near [[Kealakekua]] on the [[Island of Hawaii]].
-*[[1797]] - [[French Revolutionary Wars]]: [[Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1797)|Battle of Cape St. Vincent]] - [[John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent]] & [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Horatio Nelson (later 1st Viscount Nelson)]] led the [[Royal Navy|British Royal Navy]] to victory over a [[Spain|Spanish]] fleet in action near [[Gibraltar]]. 
-*[[1803]] - [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[John Marshall]] declares that any act of [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] which conflicts with the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] is void. 
-*[[1804]] - [[Karadjordje]] leads the [[First Serbian Uprising]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]]. 
-*[[1831]] - Ras [[Marye of Yejju]] marches into [[Tigray Province|Tigray]] and defeats and kills Dejazmach [[Sabagadis]] in the [[Battle of Debre Abbay]]. 
-*[[1835]] - The original [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]], of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], is formed in [[Kirtland, Ohio]]. 
-*[[1849]] - In [[New York City]], [[James Knox Polk]] becomes the first serving [[President of the United States]] to have his [[photograph]] taken. 
-*[[1855]] - [[Texas]] linked by [[Telegraphy|telegraph]] with the rest of the [[United States]], with the completion of a connection between [[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]] and [[Marshall, Texas]]. 
-*[[1859]] - [[Oregon]] admitted as the 33rd [[U.S. state]]. 
*[[1876]] - [[Alexander Graham Bell]] applies for a [[patent]] for the [[telephone]], as does [[Elisha Gray]]. *[[1876]] - [[Alexander Graham Bell]] applies for a [[patent]] for the [[telephone]], as does [[Elisha Gray]].
-*[[1879]] - The [[War of the Pacific]] breaks out when [[Chile]]an armed forces occupy the [[Bolivia]]n port city of [[Antofagasta]]. 
-*[[1886]] - First trainload of [[orange (fruit)|orange]]s left [[Los Angeles]] via the [[transcontinental railroad#United States|transcontinental railroad]]. 
-*[[1899]] - [[Voting machine]]s are approved by the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] for use in federal [[election]]s. 
-*[[1900]] - [[Russia]] responds to international pressure to free [[Finland]] by tightening imperial control over the country. 
-* 1900 - [[Second Boer War]]: In [[South Africa]], 20,000 [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] troops invade the [[Orange Free State]]. 
-*[[1903]] - The [[United States Department of Commerce|United States Department of Commerce and Labor]] is established (later split into Dept. of Commerce and [[United States Department of Labor|Dept. of Labor]]). 
-*[[1912]] - [[Arizona]] admitted as the 48th [[U.S. state]]. 
-* 1912 - In [[Groton, Connecticut]], the first [[diesel]]-powered [[submarine]] is commissioned. 
-* 1918 - The [[Soviet Union]] adopts the [[Gregorian calendar]] ([[1 February]] according to the [[Julian calendar]]). 
-*[[1919]] - The [[Polish-Soviet War]] begins. 
-*[[1920]] - The [[League of Women Voters]] is founded in [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]]. 
-*[[1924]] - The [[International Business Machines]] Corporation (IBM) is founded. 
-*[[1929]] - [[St. Valentine's Day Massacre]]: Seven people, six of them [[gangster]] rivals of [[Al Capone]]'s gang, are murdered in [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]]. 
-*[[1942]] - [[Battle of Pasir Panjang]] contributes to the fall of [[Singapore]]. 
-*[[1943]] - [[World War II]]: [[Rostov-on-Don]], [[Russia]] is liberated. 
-* 1943 - World War II: [[Battle of the Kasserine Pass]] - [[Germany|German]] [[General]] [[Erwin Rommel]] and the [[Afrika Korps]] launch an offensive against [[Allied]] defenses in [[Tunisia]]. 
-*[[1944]] - World War II: Anti-[[Japan]]ese revolt on [[Java (island)|Java]]. 
-*[[1945]] - On the second day of the [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II]] the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Royal Air Force]] and the [[United States Army Air Forces]] begin [[fire-bomb]]ing [[Dresden]], the capital of the [[Germany|German]] state of [[Saxony]]. 
-* 1945 - [[Bombing of Prague]] - probably due to a mistake in the orientation of the pilots bombing Dresden. 
-* 1945 - President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] meets with [[Monarch|King]] [[Ibn Saud]] of [[Saudi Arabia]] aboard the [[USS Quincy (CA-71)|USS ''Quincy'']], officially starting the [[United States|U.S.]]-[[Saudi]] diplomatic relationship. 
-* 1945 - [[Mostar]] is liberated by [[Yugoslavs|Yugoslav]] [[Partisans (Yugoslavia)|partisans]]. 
-*[[1946]] - The [[Bank of England]] is nationalized. 
-*[[1949]] - The [[Knesset]] ([[Israel]]i parliament) first convenes. 
-* 1949 - The [[Asbestos Strike]] begins in [[Canada]]. The strike marks the beginning of the [[Quiet Revolution]] in [[Quebec]]. 
-*[[1956]] - The [[20th Congress of the CPSU|XX Congress]] of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] starts in [[Moscow]]. On the last night of the meeting, Premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] condemns [[Josef Stalin]]'s crimes in a [[On the Personality Cult and its Consequences|secret speech]]. 
-*[[1961]] - [[Discovery of the chemical elements]]: [[Element 103]], [[Lawrencium]], is first synthesized at the [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California]]. 
-*[[1962]] - [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Kennedy]] takes [[television]] viewers on a tour of the [[White House]]. 
-*[[1966]] - [[Australia]]n currency is [[decimalisation|decimalised]]. 
-*[[1979]] - In [[Kabul]], [[Muslim|Muslims]] kidnap the [[United States|American]] [[ambassador]] to [[Afghanistan]], [[Adolph Dubs]] who is later killed during a gunfight between his kidnappers and police. 
-*[[1981]] - [[Stardust Disaster]]. A fire in a [[Dublin]] nightclub kills 48 people  
-*[[1983]] - United American Bank of [[Knoxville, Tennessee]] collapses. Its president, [[Jake Butcher]] is later convicted of [[fraud]]. 
-*[[1989]] - [[Union Carbide]] agrees to pay $470 million to the [[India]]n government for damages it caused in the [[1984]] [[Bhopal Disaster]]. 
-* 1989 - [[Iran]]ian leader [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] issues a [[fatwa]] encouraging [[Muslim]]s to kill the author of ''[[The Satanic Verses (novel)|The Satanic Verses]]'', [[Salman Rushdie]]. 
-* 1989 - The first of 24 [[satellite]]s of the [[Global Positioning System]] is placed into orbit. 
-*[[1990]] - 92 people are killed aboard [[Indian Airlines Flight 605]] at [[Bangalore]], [[India]]. 
-*[[1994]] - [[Andrei Chikatilo]], a Russian [[serial killer]] was [[executed by shooting]]. 
-*[[1996]] - [[China]] launches a [[Long March rocket|Long March 3]] rocket, carrying the [[Intelsat 708]] [[satellite]]. The rocket flew off course 3 seconds after liftoff and crashed into a rural village. 
-*[[1998]] - Authorities in the [[United States]] announce that [[Eric Robert Rudolph]] is a suspect in an [[Alabama]] [[abortion]] clinic bombing. 
-*[[2000]] - The spacecraft ''[[NEAR Shoemaker]]'' enters orbit around asteroid [[433 Eros]], the first spacecraft to orbit an asteroid. 
-*[[2002]] - ''[[The Tullaghmurray Lass]]'' sinks off the coast of [[Kilkeel]], [[County Down]], [[Northern Ireland]] killing three members of the same family on board. 
-*[[2004]] - In a suburb of [[Moscow]], [[Russia]], the roof of the [[Transvaal Park|Transvaal water park]] collapses, killing more than 25 people, and wounding more than 100 others. 
-*[[2005]] - [[Lebanon]]'s former [[Prime Minister]], [[Rafik Hariri]], is assassinated, prompting the country to fall into chaos and devisions. 
-* 2005 - Seven people were killed and 151 wounded in a series of bombings by suspected [[Al-Qaeda]]-linked militants that hit the [[Philippines]]' [[Makati]] financial district in [[Metro Manila]], [[Davao City]], and [[General Santos City]]. 
==Births== ==Births==

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