Gaulish language
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| - | In the [[Gaulish language]], the word '''''Dusios''''' referred to a deity (''deus'') among the [[continental Celts]] who was [[interpretatio graeca|identified with]] the [[Pan (god)|god Pan]] of [[Religion in ancient Greece|ancient Greek religion]] and with the gods [[Faunus]], [[Inuus]], [[Silvanus (mythology)|Silvanus]], and [[Incubus]] of [[Religion in ancient Rome|ancient Roman religion]]. Like these deities, he might be seen as multiple in nature, and referred to in the plural (''dusioi'' or [[Latin]] ''dusii''). Although the Celtic Dusios is not described in [[late antiquity|late-antique]] sources independently of [[Religion in ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Religion in ancient Rome|Roman deities]], the common functionality of the others lay in their ability to impregnate animals and women, often by surprise or force. ''Dusii'' continue to play a role in the magico-religious belief systems of [[Roman Gaul|Gaul]] and [[Francia]] as a type of [[incubus]] in [[Early Middle Ages|early-medieval]] [[Christianity and paganism|paganism and Christianity]]. | ||
| - | Discursive treatment of this group of beings, including the ''dusii'', with remarks on the meaning of "fig," in [[Richard Payne Knight]]'s "[[On the Worship of the Generative Powers During the Middle Ages of Western Europe]]" in ''[[Two Essays on the Worship of Priapus]]'' (London, 1865), pp. 151–153 [http://books.google.com/books?id=ef4LAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA153&dq=ficarii+inauthor:wright&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false online.]</ref> | + | The '''Gaulish''' (also '''Gallic''') '''language''' is an extinct [[Celtic language]] that was spoken by the [[Gauls]], a people who inhabited the region known as [[Gaul]] ([[Cisalpine Gaul|Cisalpine]] and [[Gaul|Transalpine]]) from the [[Iron Age France|Iron Age]] through the [[Roman Gaul|Roman period]]. It was historically spoken through what are now [[France]], [[Switzerland]], eastern [[Belgium]], [[Luxembourg]] and western [[Germany]] before being supplanted by [[Vulgar Latin]] and various [[German languages]] from around the 4th century AD onwards. Gaulish is [[paraphyletic]]ally grouped with [[Celtiberian language|Celtiberian]], [[Lepontic language|Lepontic]], and [[Galatian language|Galatian]] as [[Continental Celtic languages]]. The Lepontic language is sometimes considered to be a dialect of Gaulish. |
| + | Gaulish is a [[P-Celtic]] language, though some inscriptions (e.g. the [[Coligny Calendar]]) potentially show [[Q-Celtic]] characteristics (however, this is a matter of debate among Celticists). Gaulish has a very close relationship to [[Insular Celtic]] ([[Goidelic]] and [[British language (Celtic)|Brythonic]]), and many forms are identical in the two. [[Epigraphic|Epigraphical]] remains have been uncovered across all of what used to be Roman Gaul, which covered modern France, as well as parts of Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and Belgium. | ||
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The Gaulish (also Gallic) language is an extinct Celtic language that was spoken by the Gauls, a people who inhabited the region known as Gaul (Cisalpine and Transalpine) from the Iron Age through the Roman period. It was historically spoken through what are now France, Switzerland, eastern Belgium, Luxembourg and western Germany before being supplanted by Vulgar Latin and various German languages from around the 4th century AD onwards. Gaulish is paraphyletically grouped with Celtiberian, Lepontic, and Galatian as Continental Celtic languages. The Lepontic language is sometimes considered to be a dialect of Gaulish.
Gaulish is a P-Celtic language, though some inscriptions (e.g. the Coligny Calendar) potentially show Q-Celtic characteristics (however, this is a matter of debate among Celticists). Gaulish has a very close relationship to Insular Celtic (Goidelic and Brythonic), and many forms are identical in the two. Epigraphical remains have been uncovered across all of what used to be Roman Gaul, which covered modern France, as well as parts of Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and Belgium.
