Gender
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| Many languages have a system of [[grammatical gender]], a type of [[noun class]] system: nouns may be classified as ''masculine'' or ''feminine'' (e.g., Hebrew, Arabic, French) or may also have a ''neuter'' grammatical gender (e.g., Sanskrit, German, Polish). In such languages, this is essentially a [[Convention (norm)|convention]], which may have little or no connection to the meaning of the words. Likewise, a wide variety of phenomena have characteristics termed ''gender'', by analogy to male and female bodies (such as with the [[gender of connectors and fasteners]]) or due to [[Norm (sociology)|social norms]]. People whose gender identity feels incongruent with their physical bodies may identify themselves as [[intersex]], [[transgender]] or [[genderqueer]]. | Many languages have a system of [[grammatical gender]], a type of [[noun class]] system: nouns may be classified as ''masculine'' or ''feminine'' (e.g., Hebrew, Arabic, French) or may also have a ''neuter'' grammatical gender (e.g., Sanskrit, German, Polish). In such languages, this is essentially a [[Convention (norm)|convention]], which may have little or no connection to the meaning of the words. Likewise, a wide variety of phenomena have characteristics termed ''gender'', by analogy to male and female bodies (such as with the [[gender of connectors and fasteners]]) or due to [[Norm (sociology)|social norms]]. People whose gender identity feels incongruent with their physical bodies may identify themselves as [[intersex]], [[transgender]] or [[genderqueer]]. | ||
| + | ==Aggression and gender== | ||
| + | *[[Aggression and gender]] | ||
| + | Gender is a factor that plays a role in both human and animal aggression. Males are generally more aggressive than females (Coi & Dodge 1997, Maccoby & Jacklin 1974), and men commit the vast majority of murders (Buss 2005). This is one of the most robust and reliable behavioral sex differences, and it has been found across many different age groups and cultures. There is evidence that males are quicker to aggression (Frey et al 2003) and more likely than females to express their aggression physically (Bjorkqvist et al. 1994). However, some researchers have suggested that females are not necessarily less aggressive, but that they tend to show their aggression in less overt, less physical ways (Bjorkqvist et al. 1994, Hines and Saudino 2003). For example, females may display more verbal and relational aggression, such as [[social rejection]]. | ||
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Revision as of 02:00, 7 February 2008
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"Gender", in common usage, refers to the differences between men and women. Encyclopaedia Britannica notes that gender identity is "an individual's self-conception as being male or female, as distinguished from actual biological sex." Although "gender" is commonly used interchangeably with "sex," within the academic fields of cultural studies, gender studies and the social sciences in general, the term "gender" often refers to purely social rather than biological differences. Some even view gender as a social construction rather than a biological phenomenon.
Many languages have a system of grammatical gender, a type of noun class system: nouns may be classified as masculine or feminine (e.g., Hebrew, Arabic, French) or may also have a neuter grammatical gender (e.g., Sanskrit, German, Polish). In such languages, this is essentially a convention, which may have little or no connection to the meaning of the words. Likewise, a wide variety of phenomena have characteristics termed gender, by analogy to male and female bodies (such as with the gender of connectors and fasteners) or due to social norms. People whose gender identity feels incongruent with their physical bodies may identify themselves as intersex, transgender or genderqueer.
Aggression and gender
Gender is a factor that plays a role in both human and animal aggression. Males are generally more aggressive than females (Coi & Dodge 1997, Maccoby & Jacklin 1974), and men commit the vast majority of murders (Buss 2005). This is one of the most robust and reliable behavioral sex differences, and it has been found across many different age groups and cultures. There is evidence that males are quicker to aggression (Frey et al 2003) and more likely than females to express their aggression physically (Bjorkqvist et al. 1994). However, some researchers have suggested that females are not necessarily less aggressive, but that they tend to show their aggression in less overt, less physical ways (Bjorkqvist et al. 1994, Hines and Saudino 2003). For example, females may display more verbal and relational aggression, such as social rejection.
