Grammar
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| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| - | {{Further|History of linguistics}} | + | :''[[History of grammar]]'' |
| - | The first systematic grammars originated in [[Iron Age India]], with [[Yaska]] (6th century BC), [[Pāṇini]] (4th century BC) and his commentators [[Pingala]] (c. 200 BC), [[Katyayana]], and [[Patanjali]] (2nd century BC). In the West, grammar emerged as a discipline in [[Hellenism (neoclassicism)|Hellenism]] from the 3rd century BC forward with authors like [[Rhyanus]] and [[Aristarchus of Samothrace]], the oldest extant work being the ''[[Art of Grammar]]'' ({{lang|grc|Τέχνη Γραμματική}}), attributed to [[Dionysius Thrax]] (c. 100 BC). [[Latin grammar]] developed by following Greek models from the 1st century BC, due to the work of authors such as [[Orbilius Pupillus]], [[Remmius Palaemon]], [[Marcus Valerius Probus]], [[Verrius Flaccus]], and [[Aemilius Asper]]. | + | |
| - | [[Tolkāppiyam]] is the earliest [[Tamil language|Tamil]] grammar; it has been [[date of the Tolkappiyam|dated variously between 1st CE and 10th CE]]. | + | Belonging to the ''[[Trivium (education)|trivium]]'' of the seven [[liberal arts]], grammar was taught as a core discipline throughout the [[Middle Ages]], following the influence of authors from [[Late Antiquity]], such as [[Priscian]]. Treatment of vernaculars began gradually during the [[High Middle Ages]] During the 16th-century [[Italian Renaissance]], the ''[[Questione della lingua]]'' was the discussion on the status and ideal form of the [[Italian language]], initiated by [[Dante]]'s ''[[de vulgari eloquentia]]'' ([[Pietro Bembo]], ''[[Prose della volgar lingua]]'' Venice 1525). |
| - | A grammar of [[Old Irish|Irish]] originated in the 7th century with the [[Auraicept na n-Éces]]. | ||
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| - | [[Arabic grammar]] emerged with Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali from the 7th century who in-turn was taught the discipline by [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], the fourth historical [[caliph]] of Islam and first [[Imam]] for Shi'i Muslims. | ||
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| - | The first treatises on [[Hebrew grammar]] appeared in the [[High Middle Ages]], in the context of [[Mishnah]] (exegesis of the [[Hebrew Bible]]). The [[Karaite Judaism|Karaite]] tradition originated in [[Abbasid]] [[Baghdad]]. The ''[[Diqduq]]'' (10th century) is one of the earliest grammatical commentaries on the Hebrew Bible. [[Ibn Barun]] in the 12th century compares the Hebrew language with [[Arabic language|Arabic]] in the [[Islamic grammatical tradition]]. | ||
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| - | Belonging to the ''[[Trivium (education)|trivium]]'' of the seven [[liberal arts]], grammar was taught as a core discipline throughout the [[Middle Ages]], following the influence of authors from [[Late Antiquity]], such as [[Priscian]]. Treatment of vernaculars began gradually during the [[High Middle Ages]], with isolated works such as the [[First Grammatical Treatise]], but became influential only in the [[Renaissance]] and [[Baroque]] periods. In 1486, [[Antonio de Nebrija]] published ''Las introduciones Latinas contrapuesto el romance al Latin'', and the first [[Spanish grammar]], ''[[Gramática de la lengua castellana]]'', in 1492. During the 16th-century [[Italian Renaissance]], the ''Questione della lingua'' was the discussion on the status and ideal form of the [[Italian language]], initiated by [[Dante]]'s ''[[de vulgari eloquentia]]'' ([[Pietro Bembo]], ''Prose della volgar lingua'' Venice 1525). The first grammar of [[Slovene language]] was written in 1584 by [[Adam Bohorič]]. | ||
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| - | Grammars of non-European languages began to be compiled for the purposes of [[evangelization]] and [[Bible translation]] from the 16th century onward, such as ''Grammatica o Arte de la Lengua General de los Indios de los Reynos del Perú'' (1560), and a [[Quechua languages|Quechua]] grammar by [[Fray Domingo de Santo Tomás]]. | ||
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| - | In 1643 there appeared [[Ivan Uzhevych]]'s ''Grammatica sclavonica'' and, in 1762, the ''Short Introduction to English Grammar'' of [[Robert Lowth]] was also published. The ''Grammatisch-Kritisches Wörterbuch der hochdeutschen Mundart'', a [[High German]] grammar in five volumes by [[Johann Christoph Adelung]], appeared as early as 1774. | ||
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| - | From the latter part of the 18th century, grammar came to be understood as a subfield of the emerging discipline of modern [[linguistics]]. The Serbian grammar by [[Vuk Stefanović Karadžić]] arrived in 1814, while the ''Deutsche Grammatik'' of the [[Brothers Grimm]] was first published in 1818. The ''Comparative Grammar'' of [[Franz Bopp]], the starting point of modern [[comparative linguistics]], came out in 1833. | ||
| ==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
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| *[[Philosophers encroaching on the province of grammarians]] | *[[Philosophers encroaching on the province of grammarians]] | ||
| * [[Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis]] | * [[Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis]] | ||
| - | * ''[[Grammaire du Décaméron]]'' | + | * ''[[Grammar of the Decameron]]'' (1969) by Tzvetan Todorov. |
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
Revision as of 17:36, 30 May 2019
| "Nothing is more usual than for philosophers to encroach on the province of grammarians, and to engage in disputes of words, while they imagine they are handling controversies of the deepest importance and concern." - David Hume |
Illustration: a close-up of a mouth in the film The Big Swallow (1901)
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Grammar is the study of the rules governing the use of a given natural language, and, as such, is a field of linguistics.
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As compared to film grammar
There are analogies to be drawn between film grammar and language grammar. A word for example, the second smalled linguistic unit, can be compared to a shot.
History
Belonging to the trivium of the seven liberal arts, grammar was taught as a core discipline throughout the Middle Ages, following the influence of authors from Late Antiquity, such as Priscian. Treatment of vernaculars began gradually during the High Middle Ages During the 16th-century Italian Renaissance, the Questione della lingua was the discussion on the status and ideal form of the Italian language, initiated by Dante's de vulgari eloquentia (Pietro Bembo, Prose della volgar lingua Venice 1525).
Etymology
The word grammar derives from Greek γραμματικὴ τέχνη (grammatikē technē), which means "art of letters", from γράμμα (gramma), "letter", itself from γράφειν (graphein), "to draw, to write".
See also
- Philosophers encroaching on the province of grammarians
- Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
- Grammar of the Decameron (1969) by Tzvetan Todorov.
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