Halftone
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| - | {{Template}}'''Pornographic magazines''', sometimes known as '''adult magazines''', '''sex magazines''', '''top-shelf magazines''', or '''blue books''' are [[magazine]]s that contain content of a sexual nature, typically regarded as [[pornography]]. Such publications provide photographs or other illustrations of nudity and sexual activities, including oral sex, sexual intercourse, anal sex, and other various forms of such activities. Most often, these magazines contain photographs of attractive women and/or men. These magazines primarily serve to stimulate sexual thoughts and emotions. Some magazines are very general in their variety of illustrations, while others may be more specific and focus on particular activities, fetishes, or parts of the anatomy. Adult magazines are mainly aimed towards men, as males populate the vast majority of the market. | + | {{Template}} |
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| - | Well-known adult magazines include ''[[Playboy]]'', ''[[Penthouse magazine|Penthouse]]'', and ''[[Hustler]]''. | + | |
| - | == History == | + | |
| - | The history of pornographic magazines is part of a much longer [[history of erotic depictions]]. As the technology of communication has changed, each new technique, such as [[printing]], [[photography]], [[film|motion picture]]s and [[computer]]s, has been adapted to display and disseminate these depictions. | + | |
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| - | In [[1880]], [[halftone]] printing was used to reproduce photographs inexpensively for the first time. The invention of halftone printing took pornography and erotica in new directions at the beginning of the 20th century. The new printing processes allowed photographic images to be reproduced easily in black and white, whereas printers were previously limited to engravings, [[woodcut]]s and line cuts for illustrations. This was the first format that allowed pornography to become a mass market phenomena, it now being more affordable and more easily acquired than any previous form. | + | |
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| - | First appearing in France, the new magazines featured nude (often, [[burlesque]] actresses were hired as models) and semi-nude photographs on the cover and throughout; while these would now be termed [[softcore]], they were quite shocking for the time. The publications soon either masqueraded as "art magazines" or publications celebrating the new cult of [[naturism]], with titles such as ''Photo Bits'', ''Body in Art'', ''Figure Photography'', ''Nude Living'' and ''Modern Art for Men.'' ''[[Health & Efficiency]]'', started in 1900, was a typical naturist magazine in Britain. | + | |
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| - | Another early form of pornography were [[comic book]]s known as [[Tijuana bible]]s that began appearing in the U.S. in the 1920s and lasted until the publishing of glossy colour men's magazines commenced. These were crude hand drawn scenes often using popular characters from [[cartoon]]s and culture. | + | |
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| - | In the 1940s, the word "[[pinup]]" was coined to describe pictures torn from men's magazines and calendars and "pinned up" on the wall by U.S. soldiers in [[World War II]]. While the '40s images focused mostly on legs, by the '50s, the emphasis shifted to [[breast]]s. [[Betty Grable]] and [[Marilyn Monroe]] were two of the most popular pinup [[Model (person)|model]]s. In the second half of the 20th century, pornography evolved into the men's magazines such as ''[[Playboy]]'' and ''Modern Man'' of the 1950s. In fact, the beginning of the modern men's glossy magazine (or girlie magazine) can be traced to the 1953 purchase by [[Hugh Hefner]] of a photograph of Marilyn Monroe to use as the centerfold of his new magazine ''Playboy''. Soon, this type of magazine was the primary medium in which pornography was consumed. | + | |
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| - | These magazines featured nude or semi-nude women, sometimes apparently masturbating, although their genitals or [[pubic hair]] were not actually displayed. ''[[Penthouse (magazine)|Penthouse]]'', started by [[Bob Guccione]] in England in 1965, took a different approach. Women looked indirectly at the camera, as if they were going about their private idylls. This change of emphasis was influential in erotic depictions of women. ''Penthouse'' was also the first magazine to publish pictures that included pubic hair and [[full frontal nudity]], both of which were considered beyond the bounds of the erotic and in the realm of pornography at the time. In the late 1960s, magazines began to move into more explicit displays often focusing on the [[buttocks]] as standards of what could be legally depicted and what readers wanted to see changed. By the 1970s, they were focusing on the pubic area and eventually, by the 1990s, featured [[sexual penetration]], [[lesbianism]] and [[homosexuality]], [[group sex]], masturbation, and [[Sexual fetishism|fetish]]es in the more hard-core magazines such as ''[[Hustler]]''. | + | |
| + | '''Halftone''' is the [[reprographic]] technique that simulates [[continuous tone]] imagery through the use of equally spaced dots of varying size. | ||
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Revision as of 18:25, 27 September 2008
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Halftone is the reprographic technique that simulates continuous tone imagery through the use of equally spaced dots of varying size.
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Halftone" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
