Henry Morton Stanley
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| - | Abandoning the promises of the Berlin Conference in the late 1890s, [[Leopold II of Belgium]] restricted foreign access and extorted [[forced labor]] from the natives. Abuses, especially in the [[rubber]] industry, included the effective [[slavery|enslavement]] of the native population, beatings, widespread killing, and frequent [[mutilation]]. | + | "[[Economic history of Europe|European manufacturers]] dream night and day of Africa, of a lake in the Saharan desert, of a railroad to the Soudan. They anxiously follow the progress of [[David Livingstone|Livingston]], [[Henry Morton Stanley|Stanley]], [[Paul Du Chaillu|Du Chaillu]]; they listen open-mouthed to the marvelous tales of these brave travelers. What unknown wonders are contained in the “dark continent”! Fields are sown with elephants’ teeth, rivers of cocoanut oil are dotted with gold, millions of backsides, as bare as the faces of [[Jules Dufaure|Dufaure]] and [[Émile de Girardin|Girardin]], are awaiting cotton goods to teach them decency, and bottles of schnaps and bibles from which they may learn the virtues of [[civilization]]." --''[[The Right to Be Lazy]]'' (1883) by [[Paul Lafargue]] |
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| - | '''Leopold II''' (9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909) was the second [[king of the Belgians]]. Born in [[Brussels]] the second (but eldest surviving) son of [[Leopold I of Belgium|Leopold I]] and [[Louise-Marie of Orléans]], he succeeded his father to the throne on 17 December 1865 and remained king until his death. | + | '''Sir Henry Morton Stanley''' [[Order of the Bath|GCB]] (born '''John Rowlands'''; 28 January 1841 – 10 May 1904) was a [[Welsh people|Welsh]] journalist and [[List of explorers|explorer]] famous for his exploration of central [[Africa]] and his search for missionary and explorer [[David Livingstone]]. Upon finding Livingstone, Stanley allegedly asked, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" Stanley is also known for his search for the source of the Nile, his work in and development of the [[Congo (area)|Congo Basin region]] in association with King [[Leopold II of Belgium]] and for commanding the [[Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. He was [[knight]]ed in 1899. |
| - | Leopold is chiefly remembered as the founder and sole owner of the [[Congo Free State]], a private project undertaken on his own behalf. He used [[Henry Morton Stanley]] to help him lay claim to the Congo, an area now known as the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. The Powers at the [[Berlin Conference]] in its final Act in 1885, committed the State to improving the lives of the inhabitants. From the beginning, however, Leopold essentially ignored these conditions and ran the Congo brutally, using a mercenary force, for his own personal gain. He extracted a fortune from the Congo, initially by the collection of ivory, and after a rise in the price of rubber in the 1890s, by forcing the population to collect sap from rubber plants. His harsh regime was directly or indirectly responsible for the death of millions of people. The Congo became one of the most infamous international scandals of the early 20th century, and Leopold was ultimately forced to relinquish control of it to the government of Belgium. | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| - | * [[Émile Banning]] | + | *[[Edmund Musgrave Barttelot]] |
| - | *''[[King Leopold's Rule in Africa]]'' (1904) is a book by [[E. D. Morel]] | + | *[[H.M. Stanley Hospital]] |
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"European manufacturers dream night and day of Africa, of a lake in the Saharan desert, of a railroad to the Soudan. They anxiously follow the progress of Livingston, Stanley, Du Chaillu; they listen open-mouthed to the marvelous tales of these brave travelers. What unknown wonders are contained in the “dark continent”! Fields are sown with elephants’ teeth, rivers of cocoanut oil are dotted with gold, millions of backsides, as bare as the faces of Dufaure and Girardin, are awaiting cotton goods to teach them decency, and bottles of schnaps and bibles from which they may learn the virtues of civilization." --The Right to Be Lazy (1883) by Paul Lafargue |
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Sir Henry Morton Stanley GCB (born John Rowlands; 28 January 1841 – 10 May 1904) was a Welsh journalist and explorer famous for his exploration of central Africa and his search for missionary and explorer David Livingstone. Upon finding Livingstone, Stanley allegedly asked, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" Stanley is also known for his search for the source of the Nile, his work in and development of the Congo Basin region in association with King Leopold II of Belgium and for commanding the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition. He was knighted in 1899.
See also
