Hugo Grotius  

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 +"[[Even God cannot make two times two not make four]]."--''[[De jure belli ac pacis]]'' (1625) by Hugo Grotius
 +<hr>
 +"The science of politics is and probably always will be unknown. [[Hugo Grotius|Grotius]], our leader in this branch of learning, is only a child, and what is worse an untruthful child. When I hear Grotius praised to the skies and [[Hobbes]] overwhelmed with abuse, I perceive how little sensible men have read or understood these authors. As a matter of fact, their principles are exactly alike, they only differ in their mode of expression. Their methods are also different: Hobbes relies on sophism; Grotius relies on the poets; they are agreed in everything else. In modern times the only man who could have created this vast and useless science was the illustrious [[Montesquieu]]. But he was not concerned with the principles of political law; he was content to deal with the positive laws of settled governments; and nothing could be more different than these two branches of study."--''[[Emile, or On Education]]'' (1762) by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 +<hr>
 +"[[Hugo Grotius|Grotius]], a refugee in France, ill-content with his own country, and desirous of paying his court to [[Louis XIII]], to whom his book is dedicated, spares no pains to rob the peoples of all their rights and invest kings with them by every conceivable artifice."--''[[The Social Contract]]'' (1762) by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 +|}
{{Template}} {{Template}}
'''Hugo Grotius''' or '''Huig de Groot''', or '''Hugo de Groot'''; ([[Delft]], [[10 April]] [[1583]] &ndash; [[Rostock]], [[28 August]] [[1645]]) worked as a [[jurist]] in the [[Dutch Republic]] and laid the foundations with [[Francisco de Vitoria]] for [[international law]], based on [[natural law]]. He was also a [[philosopher]], [[Christian apologist]], [[playwright]], and [[poet]]. '''Hugo Grotius''' or '''Huig de Groot''', or '''Hugo de Groot'''; ([[Delft]], [[10 April]] [[1583]] &ndash; [[Rostock]], [[28 August]] [[1645]]) worked as a [[jurist]] in the [[Dutch Republic]] and laid the foundations with [[Francisco de Vitoria]] for [[international law]], based on [[natural law]]. He was also a [[philosopher]], [[Christian apologist]], [[playwright]], and [[poet]].
 +
 +==Bibliography, selected works==
 +The [[Peace Palace Library]] in [[The Hague]] holds the Grotius Collection, which has a large number of books by and about Hugo Grotius. The collection was based on a donation from [[Martinus Nijhoff]] of 55 editions of ''De jure belli ac pacis libri tres''.
 +
 +Works are listed in order of publication, with the exception of works published posthumously or after long delay (estimated composition dates are given). Where an English translation is available, the most recently published translation is listed beneath the title.
 +
 +*''Adamus exul'' (The Exile of Adam; tragedy) - The Hague, 1601
 +*''De republica emendanda'' (To Improve the Dutch Republic; manuscript 1601) - pub. The Hague, 1984
 +*''Parallelon rerumpublicarum'' (Comparison of Constitutions; manuscript 1601-02) - pub. Haarlem 1801-03
 +*''De Indis'' (On the Indies; manuscript 1604-05) - pub. 1868 as ''[[De Jure Praedae]]''
 +:''Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty'', ed. Martine Julia van Ittersum (Liberty Fund, 2006).
 +*''Christus patiens'' (The Passion of Christ; tragedy) - Leiden, 1608
 +*''Mare Liberum'' (The Free Seas; from chapter 12 of ''De Indis'') - Leiden, 1609
 +:''The Free Sea'', ed. David Armitage (Liberty Fund, 2004).
 +*''De antiquitate reipublicae Batavicae'' (On the Antiquity of the Batavian Republic) - Leiden, 1610
 +:''The Antiquity of the Batavian Republic'', ed. Jan Waszink and others (van Gorcum, 2000).
 +*''Meletius'' (manuscript 1611) - pub. Leiden, 1988
 +:''Meletius'', ed. G.H.M. Posthumus Meyjes (Brill, 1988).
 +*''Annales et Historiae de rebus Belgicus'' (Annals and History of the Low Countries; manuscript 1612) - pub. Amsterdam, 1657
 +:''The Annals and History of the Low-Countrey-warrs'', ed. Thomas Manley (London, 1665).
 +*''Ordinum Hollandiae ac Westfrisiae pietas'' (The Piety of the States of Holland and Westfriesland) - Leiden, 1613
 +:''Ordinum Hollandiae ac Westfrisiae pietas'', ed. Edwin Rabbie (Brill, 1995).
 +*''De imperio summarum potestatum circa sacra'' (On the power of sovereigns concerning religious affairs; manuscript 1614-17) - pub. Paris, 1647
 +:''De imperio summarum potestatum circa sacra'', ed. Harm-Jan van Dam (Brill, 2001).
 +*''De satisfactione Christi adversus Faustum Socinum'' (On the satisfaction of Christ against [the doctrines of] [[Faustus Socinus]]) - Leiden, 1617
 +:''Defensio fidei catholicae de satisfactione Christi'', ed. Edwin Rabbie (van Gorcum, 1990).
 +*''Inleydinge tot de Hollantsche rechtsgeleertheit'' (Introduction to Dutch Jurisprudence; written in Loevenstein) - pub. The Hague, 1631
 +:''The Jurisprudence of Holland'', ed. R.W. Lee (Oxford, 1926).
 +*''Bewijs van den waaren godsdienst'' (Proof of the True Religion; didactic poem) - Rotterdam, 1622
 +*''Apologeticus'' (Defense of the actions which led to his arrest) - Paris, 1922
 +*''[[De jure belli ac pacis]]'' (On the Law of War and Peace) - Paris, 1625 (2nd ed. Amsterdam 1631)
 +:''The Rights of War and Peace'', ed. Richard Tuck (Liberty Fund, 2005).
 +*''De veritate religionis Christianae'' (On the Truth of the Christian religion) - Paris, 1627
 +:''The Truth of the Christian Religion'', ed. John Clarke (Edinburgh, 1819).
 +*''Sophompaneas'' (Joseph; tragedy) - Amsterdam, 1635
 +*''De origine gentium Americanarum dissertatio'' (Dissertation of the origin of the American peoples) - Paris 1642
 +*''Via ad pacem ecclesiasticam'' (The way to religious peace) - Paris, 1642
 +*''Annotationes in Vetus Testamentum'' (Commentaries on the Old Testament) - Amsterdam, 1644
 +*''Annotationes in Novum Testamentum'' (Commentaries on the New Testament) - Amsterdam and Paris, 1641-50
 +*''De fato'' (On Destiny) - Paris, 1648
 +
 +==See also==
 +* [[Aristotelianism]]
 +* [[Eighty Years' War]]
 +* [[History of the Netherlands]]
 +* [[Synod of Dordrecht]]
 +* [[Just war]]
 +* [[Natural law]]
 +* [[International waters]]
 +* [[Freedom of the seas]]
 +* [[English school of international relations theory]] (Grotian School)
 +* [[Coenraad van Beuningen]]
 +* [[Pieter de Groot]]
 +* [[Grotius Lectures]]
{{GFDL}} {{GFDL}}

Current revision

"Even God cannot make two times two not make four."--De jure belli ac pacis (1625) by Hugo Grotius


"The science of politics is and probably always will be unknown. Grotius, our leader in this branch of learning, is only a child, and what is worse an untruthful child. When I hear Grotius praised to the skies and Hobbes overwhelmed with abuse, I perceive how little sensible men have read or understood these authors. As a matter of fact, their principles are exactly alike, they only differ in their mode of expression. Their methods are also different: Hobbes relies on sophism; Grotius relies on the poets; they are agreed in everything else. In modern times the only man who could have created this vast and useless science was the illustrious Montesquieu. But he was not concerned with the principles of political law; he was content to deal with the positive laws of settled governments; and nothing could be more different than these two branches of study."--Emile, or On Education (1762) by Jean-Jacques Rousseau


"Grotius, a refugee in France, ill-content with his own country, and desirous of paying his court to Louis XIII, to whom his book is dedicated, spares no pains to rob the peoples of all their rights and invest kings with them by every conceivable artifice."--The Social Contract (1762) by Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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Hugo Grotius or Huig de Groot, or Hugo de Groot; (Delft, 10 April 1583Rostock, 28 August 1645) worked as a jurist in the Dutch Republic and laid the foundations with Francisco de Vitoria for international law, based on natural law. He was also a philosopher, Christian apologist, playwright, and poet.

Bibliography, selected works

The Peace Palace Library in The Hague holds the Grotius Collection, which has a large number of books by and about Hugo Grotius. The collection was based on a donation from Martinus Nijhoff of 55 editions of De jure belli ac pacis libri tres.

Works are listed in order of publication, with the exception of works published posthumously or after long delay (estimated composition dates are given). Where an English translation is available, the most recently published translation is listed beneath the title.

  • Adamus exul (The Exile of Adam; tragedy) - The Hague, 1601
  • De republica emendanda (To Improve the Dutch Republic; manuscript 1601) - pub. The Hague, 1984
  • Parallelon rerumpublicarum (Comparison of Constitutions; manuscript 1601-02) - pub. Haarlem 1801-03
  • De Indis (On the Indies; manuscript 1604-05) - pub. 1868 as De Jure Praedae
Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty, ed. Martine Julia van Ittersum (Liberty Fund, 2006).
  • Christus patiens (The Passion of Christ; tragedy) - Leiden, 1608
  • Mare Liberum (The Free Seas; from chapter 12 of De Indis) - Leiden, 1609
The Free Sea, ed. David Armitage (Liberty Fund, 2004).
  • De antiquitate reipublicae Batavicae (On the Antiquity of the Batavian Republic) - Leiden, 1610
The Antiquity of the Batavian Republic, ed. Jan Waszink and others (van Gorcum, 2000).
  • Meletius (manuscript 1611) - pub. Leiden, 1988
Meletius, ed. G.H.M. Posthumus Meyjes (Brill, 1988).
  • Annales et Historiae de rebus Belgicus (Annals and History of the Low Countries; manuscript 1612) - pub. Amsterdam, 1657
The Annals and History of the Low-Countrey-warrs, ed. Thomas Manley (London, 1665).
  • Ordinum Hollandiae ac Westfrisiae pietas (The Piety of the States of Holland and Westfriesland) - Leiden, 1613
Ordinum Hollandiae ac Westfrisiae pietas, ed. Edwin Rabbie (Brill, 1995).
  • De imperio summarum potestatum circa sacra (On the power of sovereigns concerning religious affairs; manuscript 1614-17) - pub. Paris, 1647
De imperio summarum potestatum circa sacra, ed. Harm-Jan van Dam (Brill, 2001).
  • De satisfactione Christi adversus Faustum Socinum (On the satisfaction of Christ against [the doctrines of] Faustus Socinus) - Leiden, 1617
Defensio fidei catholicae de satisfactione Christi, ed. Edwin Rabbie (van Gorcum, 1990).
  • Inleydinge tot de Hollantsche rechtsgeleertheit (Introduction to Dutch Jurisprudence; written in Loevenstein) - pub. The Hague, 1631
The Jurisprudence of Holland, ed. R.W. Lee (Oxford, 1926).
  • Bewijs van den waaren godsdienst (Proof of the True Religion; didactic poem) - Rotterdam, 1622
  • Apologeticus (Defense of the actions which led to his arrest) - Paris, 1922
  • De jure belli ac pacis (On the Law of War and Peace) - Paris, 1625 (2nd ed. Amsterdam 1631)
The Rights of War and Peace, ed. Richard Tuck (Liberty Fund, 2005).
  • De veritate religionis Christianae (On the Truth of the Christian religion) - Paris, 1627
The Truth of the Christian Religion, ed. John Clarke (Edinburgh, 1819).
  • Sophompaneas (Joseph; tragedy) - Amsterdam, 1635
  • De origine gentium Americanarum dissertatio (Dissertation of the origin of the American peoples) - Paris 1642
  • Via ad pacem ecclesiasticam (The way to religious peace) - Paris, 1642
  • Annotationes in Vetus Testamentum (Commentaries on the Old Testament) - Amsterdam, 1644
  • Annotationes in Novum Testamentum (Commentaries on the New Testament) - Amsterdam and Paris, 1641-50
  • De fato (On Destiny) - Paris, 1648

See also




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