Human brain  

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-'''Phrenology''' (from [[Greek language|Greek]]: φρήν, ''phrēn'', "mind"; and λόγος, ''[[logos]]'', "knowledge") is a theory which claims to be able to determine character, personality traits, and criminality on the basis of the shape of the head (reading "bumps"). Developed by German physician [[Franz Joseph Gall]] around [[1800]], it was very popular in the [[19th century]]. In 1843, Magendie referred to phrenology as "''a pseudo-science of the present day''" Phrenology thinking was, however, influential in 19th century psychiatry and modern neuroscience. Phrenologists believed that the [[brain]] is the organ of the [[mind]] and that certain brain areas have localized, specific [[Human brain#Function|functions]] (see in particular, [[Brodmann area|Brodmann's areas]]) or modules (see [[modularity of mind]]). +==See also==
- +* [[Cephalic disorders]], concerning defects of the head, especially the brain
-Its principles were that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that mind has a set of different [[Faculty psychology|mental faculties]], each particular faculty being represented in a different part or ''organ'' of the brain. These areas were said to be proportional to a given individual's propensities and importance of a mental faculty, and the overlying skull bone to reflect these differences. +* [[Cephalization]]
- +* [[History of neuroscience]]
-Phrenology, which focuses on personality and character, is to be distinguished from [[craniometry]], which is the study of skull size, weight and shape, and [[physiognomy]], the study of facial features. However, these fields have all claimed the ability to predict traits or intelligence. They were once intensively practised in [[anthropology]]/[[ethnology]] and sometimes utilized to "[[scientific racism|scientifically" justify racism]]. While some principles of phrenology are well-established today, the basic premise that personality is determined by skull shape is considered to be false.+* [[Philosophy of mind]]
- +* [[Lateralization of brain function]]
 +* [[Lobes of the brain]]
 +* [[Neuroanatomy]]
 +* [[Neural development in humans]]
 +* [[Neuroanthropology]]
 +* [[Neuroscience]]
 +* [[List of regions in the human brain|Regions in the human brain]]
 +* [[Common misconceptions about the brain]]
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