Ideology  

From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia

(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
Revision as of 14:53, 10 August 2008
Jahsonic (Talk | contribs)

← Previous diff
Revision as of 19:56, 14 February 2019
Jahsonic (Talk | contribs)

Next diff →
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Template}} {{Template}}
-An '''ideology''' is an organized collection of ideas. The word ''ideology'' was coined by Count [[Antoine Destutt de Tracy]] in the late [[18th century]] to define a "science of ideas." An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things (compare [[Weltanschauung]]), as in common sense (see [[Ideology#Ideology in everyday society|Ideology in everyday society]]) and several [[philosophical]] tendencies (see [[Ideology#Political ideologies|Political ideologies]]), or a set of ideas proposed by the dominant class of a society to all members of this society. The main purpose behind an ideology is to offer change in society through a normative thought process. Ideologies are systems of abstract thought (as opposed to mere [[ideation]]) applied to public matters and thus make this concept central to politics. Implicitly every political tendency entails an ideology whether or not it is propounded as an explicit system of thought. 
-Ideologies in texts are the idea the author is trying to get out to the audience whether it would be "good vs evil" or "men are strong and women look after the house."+'''Ideology''' is a comprehensive set of [[normative]] [[beliefs]], [[Consciousness|conscious]] and [[unconscious mind|unconscious]] ideas, that an individual, group or society has.
-(For the [[Marxism|Marxist]] definition of ''ideology'' see [[Ideology#Ideology as an instrument of social reproduction|Ideology as an instrument of social reproduction]])+An ideology is narrower in scope than the ideas expressed in concepts such as ''[[worldview]]'', ''[[imaginary (sociology)|imaginary]]'' and ''[[ontology]]''.
-== See also==+ 
-*[[Hegemony]]+[[#Political ideologies|Political ideologies]] can be proposed by the [[ruling class|dominant class]] of society such as the elite to all members of society as suggested in some [[Marxist]] and [[critical-theory]] accounts. In societies that distinguish between [[public sphere|public]] and [[private life]], every political or economic tendency [[logical consequence|entails]] ideology, whether or not it is propounded as an explicit system of thought.
-*[[Posthegemony]]+ 
-*[[-ism]]+In the [[Louis Althusser|''Althusserian'']] sense, ideology is "the imagined existence (or idea) of things as it relates to the real conditions of existence".
-*[[List of ideologies named after people]]+==Etymology and history==
-*[[Paradigm]]+ 
-*[[System justification]]+The term "ideology" was born during the [[Reign of Terror]] of [[French Revolution]], and acquired several other meanings thereafter.
-*[[Social criticism]]+ 
-*[[Socially constructed reality]]+The word, and the system of ideas associated with it, was coined by [[Antoine Destutt de Tracy]] in 1796, while he was in prison pending trial during the Terror. The word was created by assembling the words [[idea#John Locke|''idea'']], from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|[[wikt:ἰδέα|ἰδέα]]}} (near to the [[John Locke|Lockean]] sense) and ''[[-logy]]'', from {{lang|grc|[[wikt:-λογία|-λογία]]}}.
-*[[Noble lie]]+ 
 +He devised the term for a "science of ideas" he hoped would form a secure foundation for the moral and political sciences. He based the word on two things: 1) sensations people experience as they interact with the material world; and 2) the ideas that form in their minds due to those sensations. He conceived "Ideology" as a [[liberalism|liberal]] philosophy that would defend individual liberty, property, [[free markets]], and constitutional limits on state power. He argues that among these aspects ideology is the most generic term, because the science of ideas also contains the study of their expression and deduction.
 + 
 +The coup that overthrew [[Maximilien Robespierre]] allowed Tracy to pursue his work
 + 
 +Tracy reacted to the terroristic phase of the revolution (during the Napoleonic regime) by trying to work out a rational system of ideas to oppose the irrational mob impulses that had nearly destroyed him.
 + 
 +[[Napoleon Bonaparte]] came to view 'Ideology' a term of abuse, which he often hurled against his liberal foes in Tracy's [[Institut National]]. According to [[Karl Mannheim]]'s historical reconstruction of the shifts in the meaning of ideology, the modern meaning of the word was born when Napoleon used it to describe his opponents as "the ideologues". [[Karl Marx]] adopted this negative sense of the term and used it in his writings (he described Tracy as a "fischblütige Bourgeoisdoktrinär", a fishblooded bourgeois doctrinaire).
 + 
 +Tracy's major book, ''[[The Elements of Ideology]]'', was soon translated into the major languages of Europe, and in the next generation, when post-Napoleonic governments adopted a reactionary stance, influenced the Italian, Spanish and Russian thinkers who had begun to describe themselves as "liberals" and who attempted to reignite revolutionary activity in the early 1820s (these included the Carlist rebels in Spain, the Carbonari societies in France and Italy, and the Decembrists in Russia).
 + 
 +In the century after Tracy, the term ideology moved back and forth between positive and negative connotations.
 + 
 +(Perhaps the most accessible source for the near-original meaning of ''ideology'' is [[Hippolyte Taine]]'s work on the [[Ancien Régime]] (the first volume of "Origins of Contemporary France"). He describes ideology as rather like teaching philosophy by the [[Socratic method]], but without extending the vocabulary beyond what the general reader already possessed, and without the examples from observation that practical science would require. Taine identifies it not just with Destutt De Tracy, but also with his milieu, and includes [[Étienne Bonnot de Condillac|Condillac]] as one of its precursors. (Destutt de Tracy read the works of Locke and Condillac while he was imprisoned during the [[Reign of Terror]].))
 + 
 +The term "ideology" has [[Euphemism Treadmill|dropped some of its pejorative sting]], and has become a neutral term in the analysis of differing political opinions and views of social groups. While [[Karl Marx]] situated the term within [[class struggle]] and domination, others believed it was a necessary part of [[structural functionalism|institutional functioning]] and [[social cohesion|social integration]].
 + 
 +==See also==
 +* [[The Anatomy of Revolution]]
 +* [[List of communist ideologies]]
 +* [[Capitalism]]
 +* [[Feminism]]
 +* [[Hegemony]]
 +* [[-ism]]
 +* [[List of ideologies named after people]]
 +* [[Ideocracy]]
 +* [[Noble lie]]
 +* [[Social criticism]]
 +* [[Socially constructed reality]]
 +* [[State collapse]]
 +* [[State ideology of the Soviet Union]]
 +* [[The True Believer]]
 +* [[World Values Survey]]
 +* [[World view]]
{{GFDL}} {{GFDL}}

Revision as of 19:56, 14 February 2019

Related e

Wikipedia
Wiktionary
Shop


Featured:

Ideology is a comprehensive set of normative beliefs, conscious and unconscious ideas, that an individual, group or society has.

An ideology is narrower in scope than the ideas expressed in concepts such as worldview, imaginary and ontology.

Political ideologies can be proposed by the dominant class of society such as the elite to all members of society as suggested in some Marxist and critical-theory accounts. In societies that distinguish between public and private life, every political or economic tendency entails ideology, whether or not it is propounded as an explicit system of thought.

In the Althusserian sense, ideology is "the imagined existence (or idea) of things as it relates to the real conditions of existence".

Etymology and history

The term "ideology" was born during the Reign of Terror of French Revolution, and acquired several other meanings thereafter.

The word, and the system of ideas associated with it, was coined by Antoine Destutt de Tracy in 1796, while he was in prison pending trial during the Terror. The word was created by assembling the words idea, from Greek Template:Lang (near to the Lockean sense) and -logy, from Template:Lang.

He devised the term for a "science of ideas" he hoped would form a secure foundation for the moral and political sciences. He based the word on two things: 1) sensations people experience as they interact with the material world; and 2) the ideas that form in their minds due to those sensations. He conceived "Ideology" as a liberal philosophy that would defend individual liberty, property, free markets, and constitutional limits on state power. He argues that among these aspects ideology is the most generic term, because the science of ideas also contains the study of their expression and deduction.

The coup that overthrew Maximilien Robespierre allowed Tracy to pursue his work

Tracy reacted to the terroristic phase of the revolution (during the Napoleonic regime) by trying to work out a rational system of ideas to oppose the irrational mob impulses that had nearly destroyed him.

Napoleon Bonaparte came to view 'Ideology' a term of abuse, which he often hurled against his liberal foes in Tracy's Institut National. According to Karl Mannheim's historical reconstruction of the shifts in the meaning of ideology, the modern meaning of the word was born when Napoleon used it to describe his opponents as "the ideologues". Karl Marx adopted this negative sense of the term and used it in his writings (he described Tracy as a "fischblütige Bourgeoisdoktrinär", a fishblooded bourgeois doctrinaire).

Tracy's major book, The Elements of Ideology, was soon translated into the major languages of Europe, and in the next generation, when post-Napoleonic governments adopted a reactionary stance, influenced the Italian, Spanish and Russian thinkers who had begun to describe themselves as "liberals" and who attempted to reignite revolutionary activity in the early 1820s (these included the Carlist rebels in Spain, the Carbonari societies in France and Italy, and the Decembrists in Russia).

In the century after Tracy, the term ideology moved back and forth between positive and negative connotations.

(Perhaps the most accessible source for the near-original meaning of ideology is Hippolyte Taine's work on the Ancien Régime (the first volume of "Origins of Contemporary France"). He describes ideology as rather like teaching philosophy by the Socratic method, but without extending the vocabulary beyond what the general reader already possessed, and without the examples from observation that practical science would require. Taine identifies it not just with Destutt De Tracy, but also with his milieu, and includes Condillac as one of its precursors. (Destutt de Tracy read the works of Locke and Condillac while he was imprisoned during the Reign of Terror.))

The term "ideology" has dropped some of its pejorative sting, and has become a neutral term in the analysis of differing political opinions and views of social groups. While Karl Marx situated the term within class struggle and domination, others believed it was a necessary part of institutional functioning and social integration.

See also




Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Ideology" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

Personal tools