Immanuel Kant
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| [[Slavoj Zizek]] even went further in ''[[Kant and Sade: The Ideal Couple]]'' when he dared to ask whether there is "a line from [[Kantian]] formalist ethics to the cold-blooded [[Auschwitz]] killing machine?" | [[Slavoj Zizek]] even went further in ''[[Kant and Sade: The Ideal Couple]]'' when he dared to ask whether there is "a line from [[Kantian]] formalist ethics to the cold-blooded [[Auschwitz]] killing machine?" | ||
| ==List of works== | ==List of works== | ||
| - | [[File:Kant's tombstone Kaliningrad.jpeg|thumb|Plaque on a wall in Kaliningrad, in German and Russian, with the words taken from the conclusion of Kant's Critique of Practical Reason: ''Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe, the more often and steadily we reflect upon them: The starry heavens above me and the moral law within me.'' (The wall is next to where the southwest part of [[Königsberg Castle]] used to be.)]] | + | |
| * (1746) ''Thoughts on the True Estimation of Vital Forces'' (''Gedanken von der wahren Schätzung der lebendigen Kräfte'') | * (1746) ''Thoughts on the True Estimation of Vital Forces'' (''Gedanken von der wahren Schätzung der lebendigen Kräfte'') | ||
| * (1755) ''A New Explanation of the First Principles of Metaphysical Knowledge'' (''Neue Erhellung der ersten Grundsätze metaphysischer Erkenntnisse''; Doctoral Thesis: ''Principiorum primorum cognitionis metaphysicae nova dilucidatio'') | * (1755) ''A New Explanation of the First Principles of Metaphysical Knowledge'' (''Neue Erhellung der ersten Grundsätze metaphysischer Erkenntnisse''; Doctoral Thesis: ''Principiorum primorum cognitionis metaphysicae nova dilucidatio'') | ||
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| * (1804) ''Opus Postumum'' | * (1804) ''Opus Postumum'' | ||
| * (1817) ''Lectures on Philosophical Theology'' (''Immanuel Kants Vorlesungen über die philosophische Religionslehre'' edited by K. H. L. Pölitz). [The English edition of A. W. Wood & G. M. Clark (Cornell, 1978) is based on Pölitz' second edition, 1830, of these lectures.] | * (1817) ''Lectures on Philosophical Theology'' (''Immanuel Kants Vorlesungen über die philosophische Religionslehre'' edited by K. H. L. Pölitz). [The English edition of A. W. Wood & G. M. Clark (Cornell, 1978) is based on Pölitz' second edition, 1830, of these lectures.] | ||
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| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| * [[Makes of the loved person an Object of appetite]] | * [[Makes of the loved person an Object of appetite]] | ||
Revision as of 09:58, 20 October 2011
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Immanuel Kant (22 April, 1724 – 12 February, 1804) was a German philosopher from Königsberg in East Prussia). He is regarded as a major philosopher of the Enlightenment. The philosophical concept of the sublime, as described by philosopher Immanuel Kant in the Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime, took inspiration in part from attempts to comprehend the enormity of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. His Critique of Pure Reason was placed on the index.
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Moral philosophy
Kant developed his moral philosophy in three works: Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals (1785), Critique of Practical Reason (1788), and Metaphysics of Morals (1797) .
Criticism
Today, not everyone is as enthusiastic about Kant's philosophy, especially in the field of aesthetics and taste where cultural relativism has gained favor since the advent of postmodernism. Kant has been criticized for reasoning "that aesthetic judgements have universal validity. Kant was wrong. Immanuel Kant searched for the basis of aesthetic motivation. For such a difficult journey, Köningsberg [where he was born and died] was not a good place to start. The age of consumerism has no time for Kant." (Stephen Bayley, 1991)
Marquis de Sade was born 16 years after Kant. Altough he probably never read Kant, his philosophy turns out to be antithetical to Kant's. One of the essays in Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno's Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947) is titled "Juliette or Enlightenment and Morality" and interprets the ruthless and calculating behavior of Juliette as the embodiment of the philosophy of enlightenment. Similarly, psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan posited in his 1966 essay "Kant avec Sade" that de Sade's ethic was the complementary completion of the categorical imperative originally formulated by Immanuel Kant. Slavoj Zizek even went further in Kant and Sade: The Ideal Couple when he dared to ask whether there is "a line from Kantian formalist ethics to the cold-blooded Auschwitz killing machine?"
List of works
- (1746) Thoughts on the True Estimation of Vital Forces (Gedanken von der wahren Schätzung der lebendigen Kräfte)
- (1755) A New Explanation of the First Principles of Metaphysical Knowledge (Neue Erhellung der ersten Grundsätze metaphysischer Erkenntnisse; Doctoral Thesis: Principiorum primorum cognitionis metaphysicae nova dilucidatio)
- (1755) Universal Natural History and Theory of Heaven (Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels)
- (1756) Monadologia Physica
- (1762) The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures (Die falsche Spitzfindigkeit der vier syllogistischen Figuren)
- (1763) The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God (Der einzig mögliche Beweisgrund zu einer Demonstration des Daseins Gottes)
- (1763) Attempt to Introduce the Concept of Negative Magnitudes into Philosophy (Versuch den Begriff der negativen Größen in die Weltweisheit einzuführen)
- (1764) Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime (Beobachtungen über das Gefühl des Schönen und Erhabenen)
- (1764) Essay on the Illness of the Head (Über die Krankheit des Kopfes)
- (1764) Inquiry Concerning the Distinctness of the Principles of Natural Theology and Morality (the Prize Essay) (Untersuchungen über die Deutlichkeit der Grundsätze der natürlichen Theologie und der Moral)
- (1766) Dreams of a Spirit Seer (On Emmanuel Swedenborg) (Träume eines Geistersehers)
- (1770) Inaugural Dissertation (De mundi sensibilis atque intelligibilis forma et principiis)
- (1775) On the Different Races of Man (Über die verschiedenen Rassen der Menschen)
- (1781) First edition of the Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft
- (1783) "Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics" (Prolegomena zu einer jeden künftigen Metaphysik)
- (1784) "An Answer to the Question: What Is Enlightenment?" (Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung?
- (1784) "Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose" (Idee zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte in weltbürgerlicher Absicht)
- (1785) Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten)
- (1786) Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science (Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Naturwissenschaft)
- (1786) Conjectural Beginning of Human History
- (1787) Second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft)
- (1788) Critique of Practical Reason (Kritik der praktischen Vernunft
- (1790) Critique of Judgement (Kritik der Urteilskraft)
- (1790) The Science of Right
- (1793) Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone (Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft)
- (1793) On the Old Saw: That may be right in theory, but it won't work in practice (Über den Gemeinspruch: Das mag in der Theorie richtig sein, taugt aber nicht für die Praxis)
- (1795) Perpetual Peace (Zum ewigen Frieden )
- (1797) Metaphysics of Morals (Metaphysik der Sitten)
- (1798) Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View (Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht)
- (1798) The Contest of Faculties (Der Streit der Fakultäten)
- (1800) Logic (Logik)
- (1803) On Pedagogy (Über Pädagogik)
- (1804) Opus Postumum
- (1817) Lectures on Philosophical Theology (Immanuel Kants Vorlesungen über die philosophische Religionslehre edited by K. H. L. Pölitz). [The English edition of A. W. Wood & G. M. Clark (Cornell, 1978) is based on Pölitz' second edition, 1830, of these lectures.]
See also
