International community
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| - | + | The '''international community''' is a phrase used in [[international relations]] to refer to all peoples, cultures and governments of the world or to a broad group of them. The term is used to imply the existence of common duties and obligations between them. Activists, politicians and commentators often use the term, in the context of calls for action to be taken against [[political repression]] and to protect [[human rights]]. | |
| - | '''Secular Jewish culture''' embraces several related phenomena; above all, it is the international [[culture]] of [[Secularity|secular]] communities of [[Jew]]ish people, but it can also include the cultural contributions of individuals who [[Jewish identity|identify]] as secular Jews. Derived from philosophy of [[Moses Mendelssohn]],<ref>Biale, David, ''Not in the Heavens: The Tradition of Jewish Secular Thought'', Princeton University Press, 2011, p.10</ref> since the early 19th century the [[international community]] of [[Jewish people]] is generally considered to be an [[ethnoreligious]] rather than solely a religious grouping. [[Judaism]] guides its adherents in both practice and belief, so that it has been called not only a [[Judaism|religion]], but an [[orthopraxy]].<ref>Biale, David, ''Not in the Heavens: The Tradition of Jewish Secular Thought'', Princeton University Press, 2011, p.15</ref> This makes it difficult to draw a clear distinction between the cultural production of members of the Jewish people, and culture that is specifically Jewish. Furthermore, not all individuals or all cultural phenomena can be easily classified as either "secular" or "religious", a distinction native to [[Enlightenment in Western secular tradition|Enlightenment]] thinking and foreign to most of the history of non-Ashkenazi Jews.<ref>Biale, David, ''Not in the Heavens: The Tradition of Jewish Secular Thought'', Princeton University Press, 2011, pp.5-6</ref> | + | |
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| - | [[Culture]], in its etymological meaning, retains the linkage to the [[Land of Israel|land of origin]], the people named for its last pre-Roman [[Kingdom of Judah|vestige]], study of Jewish [[Torah study|texts]], practice of community [[Tzedakah|charity]], and [[Jewish history]]. The term "secular Jewish culture" therefore refers to many aspects, including: Religion and World View, Literature, Media, and Cinema, Art and Architecture, Cuisine and Traditional Dress, attitudes to Gender, Marriage, and Family, Social Customs and Lifestyles, Music and Dance.<ref>Torstrick, Rebecca L., ''Culture and customs of Israel'', Greenwood Press, 2004</ref> "Secular Judaism," is a distinct phenomenon related to Jewish secularization - a historical process of divesting all of these elements of culture from their religious beliefs and practices.<ref>Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin, The Secular Israeli (Jewish) Identity: An Impossible Dream?, in Barry Alexander Kosmin, Ariela Keysar, eds., ''Secularism & secularity: contemporary international perspectives'', Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture, Trinity College, Hartford, 2007, p.157</ref> | + | |
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| - | Secular Judaism arose out of the [[Haskalah]], or Jewish Enlightenment, which was itself driven by the values of the Enlightenment. The history of Jewish secularization was an under-studied subject until late-20th century. In recent years, however, it has become its own academic field of study, encompassing Jewish Studies, History, Literature, Sociology, and Linguistics. Historian David Biale<ref>David Biale is the Emanuel Ringelblum Professor of Jewish History and the Chair of the Department of History at the University of California, Davis.</ref> has traced the roots of Jewish secularism back to the pre-modern era. He, and other scholars highlight the Dutch philosopher [[Baruch Spinoza]], who was dubbed "the renegade Jew who gave us modernity" by scholar and novelist [[Rebecca Goldstein|Rebecca Newberger Goldstein]]<ref>Rebecca Newberger Goldstein, ''Betraying Spinoza: The renegade Jew who gave us modernity'', Schocken/Nextbook, 2006</ref> in an intellectual biography of him. Today, the subject of Jewish secularization is taught, and researched, at many North American and Israeli universities, including [[Harvard]], [[Tel Aviv University]], [[UCLA]], [[Temple University]] and [[City University of New York]] which have significant Jewish alumni. Additionally, many schools include the [[Jewish studies|academic study]] of Judaism and Jewish culture in their curricula. | + | |
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| - | Throughout history, in eras and places as diverse as the ancient [[Ancient Greece|Hellenic]] world, in Europe before and after the [[Age of Enlightenment]], in [[Al-Andalus]], North Africa and the Middle East, in [[Indian Jews|India]] and [[History of the Jews in China|China]], and in the contemporary United States and [[Israel]], Jewish communities have seen the development of cultural phenomena that are characteristically Jewish without being at all specifically religious. Some factors in this come from within Judaism, others from the interaction of Jews with host populations in the [[Jewish diaspora|Diasporas]], and others from the inner social and cultural dynamics of the community, as opposed to religion itself. This phenomenon has led to considerably different Jewish cultures unique to their own communities. | + | |
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| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| - | *[[Culture of Israel]] | + | *[[Community]] |
| - | *[[Humanistic Judaism]] | + | *[[Global village (term)|Global village]] |
| - | *[[Israeli hip hop]] | + | *[[Internationalism (politics)]] |
| - | *[[Jewish studies]] | + | *[[Sources of international law]] |
| + | * [[Humanity]] | ||
| + | * [[Homo sapiens sapiens]] | ||
| + | * [[NATO]] | ||
| + | * [[Democracy]] | ||
| + | * [[United Nations]] | ||
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Revision as of 16:08, 26 March 2013
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The international community is a phrase used in international relations to refer to all peoples, cultures and governments of the world or to a broad group of them. The term is used to imply the existence of common duties and obligations between them. Activists, politicians and commentators often use the term, in the context of calls for action to be taken against political repression and to protect human rights.
See also
- Community
- Global village
- Internationalism (politics)
- Sources of international law
- Humanity
- Homo sapiens sapiens
- NATO
- Democracy
- United Nations
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "International community" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
