Islamic calendar
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| + | The '''Islamic''', '''Muslim''', or '''Hijri calendar''' ({{lang-ar|التقويم الهجري}} ''at-taqwīm al-hijrī'') is a [[lunar calendar]] consisting of 12 [[lunar month|months]] in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used (often alongside the [[Gregorian calendar]]) to date events in many [[Muslim countries]]. It is also used by [[Muslim]]s to determine the proper days of [[Islamic holiday]]s and rituals, such as the [[Ramadan|annual period of fasting]] and the proper time for the [[Hajj|pilgrimage to Mecca]]. | ||
| - | '''Early Islamic philosophy''' or '''classical Islamic philosophy''' is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the [[Islamic calendar]] (early 9th century [[Common Era|CE]]) and lasting until the 6th century AH (late 12th century CE). The period is known as the [[Islamic Golden Age]], and the achievements of this period had a crucial influence in the development of modern [[philosophy]] and [[science]]; for [[Renaissance|Renaissance Europe]], the influence represented “one of the largest technology transfers in world history.”. This period starts with [[al-Kindi]] in the 9th century and ends with [[Averroes]] (Ibn Rushd) at the end of 12th century. The death of Averroes effectively marks the end of a particular discipline of Islamic philosophy usually called the ''[[Peripatetic school|Peripatetic Arabic School]]'', and philosophical activity declined significantly in Western [[Muslim world|Islamic countries]], namely in [[Al-Andalus|Islamic Spain]] and North Africa, though it persisted for much longer in the Eastern countries, in particular [[History of Iran|Persia]] and [[Islam in India|India]] where several schools of philosophy continued to flourish: [[Avicennism]], [[Illuminationist philosophy]], [[Sufi philosophy|Mystical philosophy]], and [[Transcendent theosophy]]. | + | The Islamic calendar employs the [[Hijri era]] whose [[Epoch (reference date)|epoch]] was retrospectively established as the [[Islamic New Year]] of AD 622. During that year, [[Muhammad]] and his followers migrated from [[Mecca]] to Yathrib (now [[Medina]]) and established the first Muslim community (''[[ummah]]''), an event commemorated as the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]]. |
| - | Some of the significant achievements of early [[List of Muslim philosophers|Muslim philosophers]] included the development of a strict [[scientific citation|science of citation]], the [[isnad]] or "backing"; the development of a [[scientific method|method of open inquiry]] to disprove claims, the [[ijtihad]], which could be generally applied to many types of questions (although which to apply it to is an ethical question); the willingness to both accept and challenge authority within the same process; recognition that science and philosophy are both subordinate to morality, and that moral choices are prior to any investigation or concern with either; the separation of [[theology]] ([[kalam]]) and [[law]] ([[shariah]]) during the early [[Abbasid]] period, a precursor to [[secularism]]; the distinction between religion and philosophy, marking the beginning of [[secularism|secular thought]]; the beginning of a [[peer review]] process; early ideas on [[evolution]]; the beginnings of the [[scientific method]], an important contribution to the [[philosophy of science]]; the introduction of [[Temporal logic|temporal]] [[modal logic]] and [[inductive logic]]; the beginning of [[social philosophy]], including the formulation of theories on [[Structural cohesion|social cohesion]] and [[social conflict]]; the beginning of the [[philosophy of history]]; the development of the [[philosophical novel]] and the concepts of [[empiricism]] and [[tabula rasa]]; and distinguishing between [[essence]] and [[existence]]. | + | == See also == |
| - | + | * [[Islamic and Jahili months]] | |
| - | [[Saadia Gaon]], [[David ben Merwan al-Mukkamas]], [[Maimonides]], and [[Thomas Aquinas]], were influenced by the [[Mutazilite]] work, particularly Avicennism and [[Averroism]], and the [[Renaissance]] and the use of [[empirical method]]s were inspired at least in part by Arabic translations of Greek, Jewish, Persian and Egyptian works [[Latin translations of the 12th century|translated into Latin]] during the [[Renaissance of the 12th century]], and taken during the [[Reconquista]] in 1492. | + | * [[Pre-Islamic calendar]] |
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| - | Early Islamic philosophy can be divided into clear sets of influences, branches, schools, and fields, as described below. | + | |
| - | ==See also== | + | |
| - | *[[Islamic philosophy]] | + | |
| - | **[[Modern Islamic philosophy]] | + | |
| - | *[[Islamic science]] | + | |
| - | *[[Islamic Golden Age]] | + | |
| - | *[[Sufi philosophy]] | + | |
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The Islamic, Muslim, or Hijri calendar (Template:Lang-ar at-taqwīm al-hijrī) is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used (often alongside the Gregorian calendar) to date events in many Muslim countries. It is also used by Muslims to determine the proper days of Islamic holidays and rituals, such as the annual period of fasting and the proper time for the pilgrimage to Mecca.
The Islamic calendar employs the Hijri era whose epoch was retrospectively established as the Islamic New Year of AD 622. During that year, Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to Yathrib (now Medina) and established the first Muslim community (ummah), an event commemorated as the Hijra.
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