January 11  

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== Art and culture == == Art and culture ==
- 
-*[[1055]] - [[Theodora (11th century)|Theodora]] is crowned [[Byzantine Empress|Empress]] of the Byzantine Empire. 
-*[[1158]] - [[Vladislav II of Bohemia|Vladislav II]] becomes King of [[Bohemia]]. 
-*[[1569]] - First recorded [[lottery]] in [[England]]. 
-*[[1571]] - Austrian nobility is granted [[freedom of religion]]. 
-*[[1693]] - Mt. [[Etna]] erupts in [[Sicily]], [[Italy]]. [[1693 earthquake|A powerful earthquake]] destroys parts of [[Sicily]] and [[Malta]] 
-*[[1759]] - In [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], the first American [[life insurance]] company is incorporated. 
-*[[1779]] - [[Ching-Thang Khomba]] is crowned [[List of Meitei kings|King]] of [[Manipur]] 
-*[[1787]] - [[William Herschel]] [[Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their natural satellites|discovers]] [[Titania (moon)|Titania]] and [[Oberon (moon)|Oberon]], two [[Uranus' natural satellites|moon]]s of [[Uranus (planet)|Uranus]]. 
-*[[1794]] - Robert Forsythe, a [[US Marshal]] is killed in [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] when trying to serve court papers, the first [[US Marshal]] to die while carrying out his duties. 
-*[[1805]] - [[Michigan]] Territory is created. 
-*[[1861]] - [[Alabama]] secedes from the [[United States]]. 
-*[[1863]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Battle of Arkansas Post]] - General [[John McClernand]] and Admiral [[David Dixon Porter]] capture the [[Arkansas River]] for the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]. 
-*[[1867]] - [[Benito Juárez]] becomes [[Mexico|Mexican]] president again. 
-*[[1879]] - The [[Anglo-Zulu War]] begins. 
-*[[1880]] - Total [[solar eclipse]] blackens the sky of [[San Francisco]] one day after the funeral of [[Emperor Norton]]. 
-*[[1902]] - [[Popular Mechanics]] magazine is published for the first time. 
-*[[1908]] - [[Grand Canyon National Monument]] is created. 
-*[[1912]] - The [[Lawrence textile strike]] begins in [[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]], [[Massachusetts]]. 
-*[[1917]] - The [[Kingsland Explosion|Kingsland munitions factory explosion]] occurs as a result of [[Sabotage|sabotage]]. 
-*[[1919]] - [[Romania]] annexes [[Transylvania]]. 
-*[[1922]] - First use of [[insulin]] to treat [[diabetes]] in a human patient. 
-*[[1923]] - Troops from [[France]] and [[Belgium]] [[Occupation of the Ruhr|occupy]] the [[Ruhr area]] to force [[Germany]] to make its reparation payments. 
-*[[1935]] - [[Amelia Earhart]] is the first woman to fly solo from [[Hawaii]] to [[California]]. 
-*[[1942]] - [[Japan]] declares war on the [[Netherlands]] and invades the [[Netherlands East Indies]]. 
-* 1942 - The [[Japan]]ese capture [[Kuala Lumpur]]. 
-*[[1943]] - The [[United States]] and [[United Kingdom]] give up territorial rights in [[China]]. 
-*[[1946]] - [[Enver Hoxha]] declares the [[People's Republic]] of [[Albania]] with himself as dictator. 
-*[[1949]] - First recorded case of [[snow]]fall in [[Los Angeles, California]]. 
-*[[1957]] - The [[African Convention]] is founded in [[Dakar]].  
-* 1957 - Mass-murderer [[Jack Gilbert Graham]] is executed via the [[Gas Chamber]]. 
-*[[1962]] - Eruption of the [[Nevado Huascaran|Huascaran]] volcano in [[Peru]] causing 4,000 deaths. 
-*[[1964]] - [[United States Surgeon General]] Dr. [[Luther Leonidas Terry]], M.D., publishes a report saying that smoking may be hazardous to health. It is the first such statement ever made by the U.S. government. 
-* 1964 - The ''[[Whisky a Go Go]]'' night club in Los Angeles, the first [[disco]] in the USA, is opened. 
-*[[1972]] - [[East Pakistan]] renames itself [[Bangladesh]]. 
-*[[1973]] - [[The Open University]], Britain's distance-learning university, awards its first degrees. 
-*[[1974]] - The world's first surviving set of [[sextuplets]] are born to [[Susan Rosenkowitz]] in [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]]. 
-*[[1986]] - The [[Gateway Bridge, Brisbane]] in [[Queensland]], [[Australia]] is officially opened. 
-*[[1990]] - 300,000 march in favor of [[Lithuania]]n independence. 
-*[[1994]] - The [[Ireland|Irish]] Government announces the end of a 15-year [[broadcasting ban]] on the [[Official IRA|IRA]] and its political arm [[Sinn Féin]]  
-*[[1996]] - [[Haiti]] becomes a member of the [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] [[copyright]] [[treaty]]. 
-*[[1998]] - [[Sidi-Hamed massacre]] takes place in [[Algeria]], over 100 people are killed. 
-*[[2001]] - The [[Federal Trade Commission]] approves the [[merger]] of [[America Online|AOL]] and [[Time Warner]] to form ''AOL Time Warner''. 
==Births== ==Births==
-*[[1322]] - [[Emperor Komyo of Japan]] (d. [[1380]])+*[[1805]] - [[Johann Nepomuk Geiger]], Austrian artist (d. [[1880]])
-*[[1359]] - [[Emperor Go-En'yu]] of Japan (d. [[1393]])+*[[1906]] - [[Albert Hofmann]], Swiss chemist (d. 2008)
-*[[1395]] - [[Michelle of Valois]], Duchess of Burgundy (d. [[1422]])+*[[1911]] - [[Gordon Rattray Taylor]], British author (''Sex in History'') (d. [[1981]])
-*[[1503]] - [[Parmigianino]], Italian artist (d. [[1540]])+*[[1916]] - [[Bernard Blier]], French actor (d. 1989)
-*[[1591]] - [[Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex]], English Civil War general (d. [[1646]])+
-*[[1630]] - [[John Rogers (Harvard)|John Rogers]], American President of Harvard in the US (d. [[1684]])+
-*[[1671]] - [[François-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie]], French military leader (d. [[1745]])+
-*[[1723]] - [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]], began the unification of modern [[Nepal]] (d. [[1774]])+
-*[[1755]] - [[Alexander Hamilton]], 1st [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]] (d. [[1804]])+
-*[[1757]] - [[Samuel Bentham]], English mechanical engineer (d. [[1831]])+
-*[[1788]] - [[William Thomas Brande]], English chemist (d. [[1866]])+
-*[[1800]] - [[Anyos Jedlik]], Hungarian physicist (d. [[1895]])+
-*[[1807]] - [[Ezra Cornell]], American businessman and university founder (d. [[1874]])+
-*[[1815]] - [[John A. Macdonald]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (d. [[1891]])+
-*[[1842]] - [[William James]], American [[psychologist]] and [[philosopher]] (d. [[1910]])+
-*[[1845]] - [[Albert Victor Bäcklund]], Swedish physicist (d. [[1912]])+
-*[[1852]] - [[Konstantin Fehrenbach]], [[Chancellor of Germany]] (d. [[1926]])+
-*[[1853]] - [[Georgios Jakobides]], Greek painter (d. [[1926]])+
-*[[1856]] - [[Christian Sinding]], Norwegian composer (d. [[1932]])+
-*[[1858]] - [[Harry Gordon Selfridge]], American retailer (d. [[1947]])+
-*[[1859]] - Lord [[George Nathaniel Curzon]], British statesman, Viceroy of India (d. [[1925]])+
-*[[1868]] - [[Cai Yuanpei]], Chinese educator (d. [[1940]])+
-*[[1870]] - [[Alexander Stirling Calder]], American sculptor (d. [[1945]])+
-*[[1873]] - [[John Callan O'Laughlin]], American political and military figure and journalist (d. [[1949]])+
-*[[1875]] - [[Reinhold Glière]], Russian composer (d. [[1956]])+
-*[[1876]] - [[Elmer Flick]], American baseball player (d. [[1971]])+
-*[[1885]] - [[Jack Hoxie]], American actor, rodeo performer (d. [[1965]])+
-*[[1885]] - [[Alice Paul]], American women's rights activist (d. [[1977]])+
-*[[1887]] - [[Aldo Leopold]], American ecologist (d. [[1948]])+
-*[[1890]] - [[Oswald de Andrade]], Brazilian author (d.[[1954]])+
-*[[1897]] - [[August Heissmeyer]], German SS officer (d. [[1979]])+
-*[[1901]] - [[Kwon Ki-ok]], first Korean female pilot (d. [[1988]])+
-*[[1902]] - [[Maurice Duruflé]], French composer (d. [[1986]])+
-*[[1903]] - [[Alan Paton]], South African writer (d. [[1988]])+
-*[[1906]] - [[Albert Hofmann]], Swiss chemist+
-*[[1907]] - [[Pierre Mendès-France]], French politician (d. [[1982]])+
-*[[1908]] - [[Lionel Stander]], American actor (d. [[1994]])+
-*[[1910]] - [[Nikos Kavvadias]], Greek poet and writer (d. [[1975]])+
-*[[1911]] - [[Zenko Suzuki]], [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[2004]])+
-*[[1915]] - [[Robert Blair Mayne]], British soldier, co-founder [[Special Air Service]] (d. [[1955]])+
-*[[1916]] - [[Bernard Blier]], French actor (d. [[1989]])+
-*[[1917]] - [[John Robarts]], Canadian politician, [[Premier of Ontario]] (d. [[1982]])+
-*[[1921]] - [[Juanita M. Kreps]], former [[United States|U.S.]] [[Secretary of Commerce]]+
-* 1921 - [[Gory Guerrero]], professional wrestler (d. [[1990]])+
-*[[1923]] - [[Carroll Shelby]], American race car driver, automobile designer and businessman+
-*[[1924]] - [[Roger Guillemin]], French [[neuroendocrinologist]], [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel laureate]]+
-* 1924 - [[Sam B. Hall]], American politician (d. [[1994]])+
-* 1924 - [[Slim Harpo]], American musician (d. [[1970]])+
-* 1924 - [[Don Cherry (singer/golfer)|Don Cherry]], American singer and golfer+
-*[[1925]] - [[Grant Tinker]], American television executive+
-*[[1926]] - [[Lev Demin]], Soviet cosmonaut (d. [[1998]])+
-*[[1928]] - [[David L. Wolper]], American television producer+
-*[[1930]] - [[Rod Taylor (actor)|Rod Taylor]], Australian actor+
-*[[1932]] - [[Alfonso Arau]], Mexican film director+
-*[[1934]] - [[Jean Chrétien]], 20th [[Prime Minister of Canada]]+
-*[[1938]] - [[Fischer Black]], American economist (d. [[1995]])+
-* 1938 - [[Arthur Scargill]], [[Socialist Labour Party (UK)]] leader+
-*[[1939]] - [[Anne Heggtveit]], Canadian alpine skier+
-*[[1941]] - [[Gérson]], Brazilian footballer+
-*[[1942]] - [[Clarence Clemons]], American musician ([[E Street Band]])+
-*[[1943]] - [[Jim Hightower]], American radio host and author+
-* 1944 - [[Shibu Soren]], Indian politician+
-* 1944 - [[Mohammed Abed Elhai]], Sudanese writer and academic (d. [[1989]])+
-*[[1945]] - Samdech Preah Sanghareach [[Bour Kry]], [[Sangharaja|Supreme Patriarch]] of the [[Cambodia|Cambodian]] [[Dhammayutt Order]]+
-* 1945 - [[Christine Kaufmann]], German-Austrian actress+
-*[[1946]] - [[John Piper (theologian)|John Piper]], American theologian+
-*[[1946]] - [[Naomi Judd]], American singer+
-* 1946 - [[Tony Kaye (musician)|Tony Kaye]], British keyboard player ([[Yes (band)|Yes]])+
-*[[1951]] - [[Willie Maddren]], English former footballer (d. [[2000]])+
-*[[1952]] - [[Ben Crenshaw]], American golfer+
-* 1952 - [[Lee Ritenour]], American musician and composer+
-*[[1953]] - [[John Sessions]], Scottish actor+
-*[[1956]] - [[Robert Earl Keen]], American singer+
-*[[1957]] - [[Bryan Robson]], English footballer and manager+
-*[[1958]] - [[Vicki Peterson]], American musician ([[The Bangles]])+
-* 1958 - [[Diego León Montoya Sánchez]], former Columbian crime boss+
-*[[1959]] - [[Rob Ramage]], Canadian ice hockey player+
*[[1961]] - [[Jasper Fforde]], British author *[[1961]] - [[Jasper Fforde]], British author
-*[[1962]] - [[Susan Lindauer]], American peace activist and accused spy 
-*[[1963]] - [[Dean Reynolds]], English snooker player 
-*[[1966]] - [[Marc Acito]], American novelist and humorist 
-* 1966 - [[Kelley Law]], Canadian curler 
-*[[1968]] - [[Tom Dumont]], American musician 
-* 1968 - [[Anders Borg]], Swedish politician 
-*[[1969]] - [[Manny Acta]], Dominican baseball player 
-* 1969 - [[Kyle Richards]], American actress 
-*[[1970]] - [[Chris Jent]], American basketball player and coach 
*[[1971]] - [[Mary J. Blige]], American singer *[[1971]] - [[Mary J. Blige]], American singer
-*[[1972]] - [[Marc Blucas]], American actor 
-* 1972 - [[Amanda Peet]], American actress 
-* 1972 - [[Luís Delgado]], Angolan footballer 
-*[[1973]] - [[Rahul Dravid]], Indian cricketer 
-* 1973 - [[Joanna Brodzik]], Polish actress 
-*[[1974]] - [[Jens Nowotny]], German footballer 
-* 1974 - [[Cody McKay]], Canadian baseball player 
-*[[1975]] - [[Rory Fitzpatrick]], American ice hockey player 
-*[[1976]] - [[Efthimios Rentzias]], Greek basketball player 
-*[[1977]] - [[Shomari Buchanan]], American football player 
-* 1977 - [[Nadia Turner]], American singer 
-*[[1978]] - [[Emile Heskey]], English footballer 
-* 1978 - [[Michael Duff (footballer)|Michael Duff]], Northern Irish footballer 
-*[[1979]] - [[Siti Nurhaliza]], Malaysian singer 
-*[[1980]] - [[Mike Williams (football player)|Mike Williams]], American football player 
-* 1980 - [[Deanna Wright]], American actress 
-*[[1981]] - [[Jamelia]], English singer 
-* 1981 - [[Tom Meighan]], British singer ([[Kasabian]]) 
-* 1981 - [[Chris Edwards (musician)|Chris Edwards]], British musician (Kasabian) 
-*[[1982]] - [[Son Ye-jin]], South Korean actress 
-* 1982 - [[Ashley Taylor Dawson]], British actor and singer 
-*[[1983]] - [[Adrian Sutil]], German racing driver 
-* 1983 - [[Matthew Palleschi]], Canadian soccer player 
-*[[1985]] - [[Rie fu]], Japanese singer 
-* 1985 - [[Kazuki Nakajima]], Japanese racing driver 
-*[[1987]] - [[Scotty Cranmer]], American professional BMX rider 
-<!--  
-Please do not add yourself or people without Wikipedia articles to this list. No red links, please.  
-Do not link multiple occurrences of the same year, just link the first occurrence. 
-Do not trust "this year in history" websites for accurate date information. --> 
- 
==Deaths== ==Deaths==
-* [[314]] - [[Pope Miltiades|St. Miltiades]]+*[[1771]] - [[Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d'Argens]], French writer (''Thérèse Philosophe'') (b. [[1704]])
-* [[705]] - [[Pope John VI]]+*[[1879]] - [[Antoine-Augustin Préault]], French sculptor (The Killing) (b. [[1809]])
-* [[802]] - [[Saint Paulinus II|St. Paulinus II of Aquileia]]+*[[1891]] - [[Baron Haussmann]], French urbanist (b. [[1809]])
-* [[812]] - [[Stauracius]], [[Byzantine Emperor]]+
-* [[844]] - [[Michael I Rhangabes]], Byzantine Emperor+
-*[[1055]] - [[Constantine IX]] Monomachos, Byzantine Emperor (b. [[1000]])+
-*[[1083]] - [[Otto of Nordheim]], Duke of Bavaria+
-*[[1494]] - [[Domenico Ghirlandaio]], Italian artist (b. [[1449]])+
-*[[1495]] - [[Pedro González de Mendoza]], Spanish cardinal and statesman (b. [[1428]])+
-*[[1547]] - [[Pietro Bembo]], Italian author, literary theorist, and Catholic cardinal (b. [[1470]])+
-*[[1641]] - [[Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar]], Spanish poet (b. [[1583]])+
-*[[1696]] - [[Charles Albanel]], French missionary explorer in Canada (b. [[1616]])+
-*[[1703]] - [[Johann Georg Graevius]], German classical scholar and critic (b. [[1632]])+
-*[[1713]] - [[Pierre Jurieu]], French Protestant leader (b. [[1637]])+
-*[[1762]] - [[Louis-François Roubiliac]], French sculptor (b. [[1695]])+
-*[[1763]] - [[Caspar Abel]], German theologian, historian, and poet (b. [[1676]])+
-*[[1771]] - [[Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d'Argens]], French writer (b. [[1704]])+
-*[[1791]] - [[William Williams Pantycelyn]], Welsh hymnist (b. [[1717]])+
-*[[1801]] - [[Domenico Cimarosa]], Italian composer (b. [[1749]])+
-*[[1836]] - [[John Molson]], Canadian brewer (b. [[1763]])+
-*[[1843]] - [[Francis Scott Key]], American lawyer and writer of the American national anthem (b. [[1779]])+
-*[[1882]] - [[Theodor Schwann]], German physiologist (b. [[1810]])+
-*[[1901]] - [[Vasily Kalinnikov]], Russian composer (b. [[1866]])+
-*[[1902]] - [[Johnny Briggs (cricketer)|Johnny Briggs]], English cricketer (b. [[1862]])+
-*[[1905]] - [[Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter]], Hasidic rabbi (b. [[1847]])+
-*[[1914]] - [[Carl Jacobsen]], Danish brewer and patron of the arts after whom the Carlsberg brewery was named (b. [[1842]])+
-*[[1923]] - King [[Constantine I of Greece]] (b. [[1868]])+
*[[1928]] - [[Thomas Hardy]], English writer (b. [[1840]]) *[[1928]] - [[Thomas Hardy]], English writer (b. [[1840]])
-*[[1931]] - [[James Milton Carroll]], American Baptist pastor, leader, historian, and author (b. [[1852]]) 
-*[[1941]] - [[Emanuel Lasker]], German chess player (b. [[1868]]) 
-*[[1952]] - [[Jean de Lattre de Tassigny]], French general, posthumous [[Marshal of France]] (b. [[1889]]) 
-* 1952 - [[Aureliano Pertile]], Italian tenor (b. [[1885]]) 
-*[[1954]] - [[Oscar Straus (composer)|Oscar Straus]], Austrian composer (b. [[1870]]) 
-*[[1958]] - [[Edna Purviance]], American actress (b. [[1895]]) 
*[[1966]] - [[Alberto Giacometti]], Swiss sculptor (b. [[1901]]) *[[1966]] - [[Alberto Giacometti]], Swiss sculptor (b. [[1901]])
-* 1966 - [[Hannes Kolehmainen]], Finnish runner (b. [[1889]])+*[[1979]] - [[Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler]], art dealer and promoter (b. [[1884]])
-*[[1968]] - [[Isidor Isaac Rabi]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1898]])+
-*[[1970]] - [[Richmal Crompton]], British author (b. [[1890]])+
-*[[1978]] - [[Ibn-e-Insha]], Pakistani humorist and [[Urdu]] poet (b. [[1927]])+
-*[[1979]] - [[Jack Soo]], American actor (b. [[1917]])+
-*[[1980]] - [[Barbara Pym]], English novelist (b. [[1913]])+
-*[[1980]] - Laurie Knox, former tax accountant and current kindergarten teacher+
-*[[1981]] - [[Beulah Bondi]], American actress (b. [[1888]])+
-*[[1983]] - [[Shri Ghanshyam Das Birla]], Indian industrialist and educator (b. [[1894]])+
-*[[1988]] - [[Gregory "Pappy" Boyington]], American WW II Marine aviator (b. [[1912]])+
-* 1988 - [[Florence Knapp]], American, one-time oldest person in the world (b. [[1873]])+
-*[[1991]] - [[Carl David Anderson]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel +
- laureate]] (b. [[1905]])+
-*[[1994]] - [[Helmut Poppendick]], Nazi physician (b. [[1902]])+
-*[[1998]] - [[Klaus Tennstedt]], German conductor (b. [[1926]])+
-*[[1999]] - [[Fabrizio de André]], Italian singer (b. [[1940]])+
-* 1999 - [[Brian Moore (novelist)|Brian Moore]], Irish-born writer (b. [[1921]])+
-*[[2000]] - [[Ivan Combe]], American inventor (b. [[1911]])+
-* 2000 - [[Bob Lemon]], American baseball player (b. [[1920]])+
-*[[2001]] - Sir [[Denys Lasdun]], English architect (b. [[1914]])+
*[[2002]] - [[Henri Verneuil]], French playwright and film director (b. [[1920]]) *[[2002]] - [[Henri Verneuil]], French playwright and film director (b. [[1920]])
-*[[2003]] - [[Mickey Finn (musician)|Mickey Finn]], English drummer ([[T. Rex (band)|T. Rex]]) (b. [[1947]]) 
-* 2003 - [[Maurice Pialat]], French actor and director (b. [[1925]]) 
-* 2003 - [[Richard Simmons (actor)|Richard Simmons]], American actor (b. [[1913]]) 
-*[[2005]] - [[Spencer Dryden]], American drummer ([[Jefferson Airplane]]) (b. [[1938]]) 
-* 2005 - [[James Griffin (musician)|James Griffin]], American musician ([[Bread (band)|Bread]]) (b. [[1943]]) 
-* 2005 - [[Miriam Hyde]], Australian composer (b. [[1913]]) 
-* 2005 - [[Fabrizio Meoni]], Italian motorcyclist (b. [[1957]]) 
-*[[2006]] - [[Markus Löffel]] (''Mark Spoon''), German [[DJ]] (b. [[1966]]) 
-* 2006 - [[Nixzmary Brown]], American [[child abuse]] victim (b. [[1998]]) 
*[[2007]] - [[Robert Anton Wilson]], American author (b. [[1932]]) *[[2007]] - [[Robert Anton Wilson]], American author (b. [[1932]])
-*[[2007]] - [[Solveig Dommartin]], French-German actress (b. [[1961]]) 
-*[[2007]] - [[Puchi Balseiro]], [[Puerto Rican]] singer & songwriter 
-== Notes == 
- 
-Albert Hofmann  
-Baron Haussmann  
-Gordon Rattray Taylor  
-Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler  
-Alberto Giacometti  
-Monte Blue  
-Robert Anton Wilson  
-Henri Verneuil  
-Antoine-Augustin Préault  
-Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d'Argens  
-Thomas Hardy  
-Bernard Blier  
-Johann Nepomuk Geiger  
-Jasper Fforde  
- 
{{GFDL}} {{GFDL}}

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