Jean-Baptiste Colbert
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| - | The '''Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture''' (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture), [[Paris]], was founded in [[1648]], modelled on [[Italy|Italian]] examples, such as the [[Accademia di San Luca]] in [[Rome]]. | ||
| - | In [[1661]], it came under the control of [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert]] who made the arts a main part in the glorification of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]]. From [[1683]] on, it reached its greatest power under the directorship of [[Charles Le Brun]] with its hierarchy of members and strict system of education. | + | '''Jean-Baptiste Colbert''' (29 August 1619 – 6 September 1683) served as the [[Controller-General of Finances|French minister of finance]] from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of [[Louis XIV of France|King Louis XIV]]. He was described by [[Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de Sévigné|Mme de Sévigné]] as "Le Nord" (the north), because he was deemed cold and unemotional. His relentless hard work and thrift made him an esteemed minister. He achieved a reputation for his work of improving the state of French [[manufacturing]] and bringing the [[economics|economy]] back from the brink of [[bankruptcy]]. Historians note that, despite Colbert's efforts, France actually became increasingly [[poverty|impoverished]] because of the King's excessive spending on [[war]]s. Colbert worked to create a favourable [[balance of trade]] and increase France's [[colony|colonial]] holdings. Historians of [[mercantilism]] consider Colbert a key figure. Colbert's plan was to build a general academy. |
| - | On [[August 8]], [[1793]], it was suspended by the [[French Revolution|revolutionary]] [[National Convention]], when the latter decreed the abolition of "toutes les académies et sociétés littéraires patentées ou dotées par la Nation". | + | Colbert's [[market]] reforms included the foundation of the ''[[Manufacture royale de glaces de miroirs]]'' in 1665 to supplant the importation of [[Venetian glass]] (forbidden in 1672, as soon as French glass manufacture was on a sound basis) and to encourage the technical expertise of [[Flanders|Flemish]] [[cloth]] [[manufacturing]] in France. He also founded royal [[tapestry]] works at [[Gobelins Manufactory|Gobelins]] and supported those at [[Beauvais tapestry|Beauvais]]. Colbert worked to improve the [[economics|economy]] via [[tariff]]s and the [[construction]] of [[internal improvements]]. In regard to foreign markets, Colbert aimed to ensure that the [[French East India Company]] could obtain [[coffee]], [[cotton]], [[dyewoods]], [[fur]], [[black pepper|pepper]], and [[sugar]]. In addition, Colbert founded a French [[merchant marine]]. |
| - | It was later renamed '''Académie de peinture et de sculpture'''. | + | Colbert issued more than 150 [[edict]]s to [[regulation|regulate]] the [[guild]]s. One such [[law]] had the intention of improving the quality of [[cloth]]. The edict declared that if the authorities found a [[merchant]]'s cloth unsatisfactory on three separate occasions, they were to tie him to a post with the cloth attached to him. |
| - | The "Académie de peinture et sculpture" is also responsible for the ''[[French Academy in Rome|Académie de France]]'' in the ''[[villa Médicis]]'' in [[Rome]] (founded in 1666) which allows promising artists to study in Rome. | ||
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| - | In [[1816]], it was merged with the [[Académie de musique]] (Academy of Music, founded in [[1669]]) and the [[Académie d'architecture]] (Academy of Architecture, founded in [[1671]]), to form the [[Académie des beaux-arts]], one of the five academies of the [[Institut de France]]. | ||
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| - | ==Partial list of members== | ||
| - | * [[Abraham Bosse]] (1648) | ||
| - | * [[Herman van Swanevelt]] (1651) | ||
| - | * [[Jean Jouvenet]] (1675) | ||
| - | * [[Antoine Coysevox]] (1676) | ||
| - | * [[Nicolas de Largillière]] (1686) | ||
| - | * [[Roger de Piles]] (1699) | ||
| - | * [[Guillaume Coustou the Elder]] (1704) | ||
| - | * [[Jean Raoux]] (1717) | ||
| - | * [[Jean-Baptiste Pater]] (1728) | ||
| - | * [[François Boucher]] (1731) | ||
| - | * [[Charles-André van Loo]] (1735) | ||
| - | * [[Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo]] (1747) | ||
| - | * [[Jean-Baptiste Huet]] (1769) | ||
| - | * [[Jacques Louis David]] (1780) | ||
| - | * [[Adélaïde Labille-Guiard]] (1783) | ||
| - | * [[Marie Louise Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun]] (1783) | ||
| - | * [[Jean-Baptiste Stouf]] (1785) | ||
| - | * [[Dominique Vivant]] (1787) | ||
| - | * [[Jean-Baptiste Pigalle]] | ||
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| - | ==See also== | ||
| - | * [[Academic art]] | ||
| - | * [[French art salons and academies]] | ||
| - | * [[Royal West of England Academy]] | ||
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Jean-Baptiste Colbert (29 August 1619 – 6 September 1683) served as the French minister of finance from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV. He was described by Mme de Sévigné as "Le Nord" (the north), because he was deemed cold and unemotional. His relentless hard work and thrift made him an esteemed minister. He achieved a reputation for his work of improving the state of French manufacturing and bringing the economy back from the brink of bankruptcy. Historians note that, despite Colbert's efforts, France actually became increasingly impoverished because of the King's excessive spending on wars. Colbert worked to create a favourable balance of trade and increase France's colonial holdings. Historians of mercantilism consider Colbert a key figure. Colbert's plan was to build a general academy.
Colbert's market reforms included the foundation of the Manufacture royale de glaces de miroirs in 1665 to supplant the importation of Venetian glass (forbidden in 1672, as soon as French glass manufacture was on a sound basis) and to encourage the technical expertise of Flemish cloth manufacturing in France. He also founded royal tapestry works at Gobelins and supported those at Beauvais. Colbert worked to improve the economy via tariffs and the construction of internal improvements. In regard to foreign markets, Colbert aimed to ensure that the French East India Company could obtain coffee, cotton, dyewoods, fur, pepper, and sugar. In addition, Colbert founded a French merchant marine.
Colbert issued more than 150 edicts to regulate the guilds. One such law had the intention of improving the quality of cloth. The edict declared that if the authorities found a merchant's cloth unsatisfactory on three separate occasions, they were to tie him to a post with the cloth attached to him.
