Joachim Patinir
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| - | {{Template}}'''Joachim Patinir''', also called '''de Patinier''' and '''de Patiner''' (ca. [[1480]] – [[October 5]], [[1524]]), was a [[Flanders|Flemish]] [[Northern Renaissance]] [[History painting|history]] and [[Landscape painting|landscape]] [[painter]]. He was probably the uncle of [[Herri met de Bles]], with whom he helped establish a distinct style of [[Northern Renaissance]] landscapes. | + | [[Image:Met recht soudic gerne doer de Werelt commen (Allegory of the World).jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Allegory of the World]]'' (1515) from the studio of [[Joachim Patinir]]]] |
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| - | ==Overview== | + | '''Joachim Patinir''', also called '''de Patiner''' (c. 1480 – 5 October 1524), was a [[Flanders|Flemish]] [[Northern Renaissance]] [[History painting|history]] and [[Landscape painting|landscape]] [[Painting|painter]] from the area of modern [[Wallonia]]. He was probably the uncle of [[Herri met de Bles]], with whom he helped establish a distinct style of [[Northern Renaissance]] landscapes. Patinir was the friend of not only [[Dürer]], but with [[Quentin Metsys]] as well, with whom he often collaborated. ''[[The Temptation of St Anthony]]'' (Prado) was done in collaboration with Metsys. He is the inventor of the '[[Weltlandschaft]]'. |
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| + | ==Biography== | ||
| Originally from [[Dinant]] or [[Bouvignes]] in present-day [[Belgium]], Patinir became registered as a member of [[Antwerp|Antwerp's]] painters’ guild [[Guild of Saint Luke]] in [[1515]], where he spent the rest of his life. He may have studied with [[Gerard David]] at [[Bruges]], who had been registered as a guild member in the same year as Patinir. In [[1511]], Patinir is believed to have travelled to [[Genoa]] with David and [[Adrien Ysenbrandt]]. | Originally from [[Dinant]] or [[Bouvignes]] in present-day [[Belgium]], Patinir became registered as a member of [[Antwerp|Antwerp's]] painters’ guild [[Guild of Saint Luke]] in [[1515]], where he spent the rest of his life. He may have studied with [[Gerard David]] at [[Bruges]], who had been registered as a guild member in the same year as Patinir. In [[1511]], Patinir is believed to have travelled to [[Genoa]] with David and [[Adrien Ysenbrandt]]. | ||
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| The farther features are painted with a green and blue palette to express the dimming caused by air. | The farther features are painted with a green and blue palette to express the dimming caused by air. | ||
| Other examples of his work include ''The Rest on the Flight into Egypt'' (Prado), ''The Baptism of Christ'' (Vienna), ''St. John at Patmos'' (National Gallery, London), ''Landscape with the Shepherds'' (Antwerp), and ''Rest by the Way'' (Minneapolis Institute of Arts). There is also a [[triptych]] attributed to him called ''The Penitence of St. Jerome''. | Other examples of his work include ''The Rest on the Flight into Egypt'' (Prado), ''The Baptism of Christ'' (Vienna), ''St. John at Patmos'' (National Gallery, London), ''Landscape with the Shepherds'' (Antwerp), and ''Rest by the Way'' (Minneapolis Institute of Arts). There is also a [[triptych]] attributed to him called ''The Penitence of St. Jerome''. | ||
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| - | There are only five paintings signed by Patinir, but many other works have been attributed to him or his workshop with varying degrees of probability. The ones that are signed read: ''Opus Joachim D. Patinier'', the “D” in his signature signifying ''Dionantensis'' (“of [[Dinant]]”), which may attest to his provenance from this town. | ||
| - | The exhibition at the [[Museo del Prado|Madrid Prado Museum]] contained 22 pictures<ref name="Prado">''[http://museoprado.mcu.es/msite_patinir/corazon.html Corazón de la exposición]'', temporary exhibition "Patinir" (3rd July - 7th October 2007), [[Museo del Prado]], Madrid, Spain.</ref> excluding those whose state did not allow their transportation. | ||
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| - | Patinir was a pioneer of landscape as an independent genre and he was the first Flemish painter to regard himself primarily as a landscape painter. Patinir was the friend of not only Dürer, but with [[Quentin Metsys]] as well, with whom he often collaborated. ''The Temptation of St Anthony'' (Prado) was done in collaboration with Metsys. | ||
| Patinir died in [[Antwerp]] in 1524, and [[Quentin Metsys]] became the guardian of his children. | Patinir died in [[Antwerp]] in 1524, and [[Quentin Metsys]] became the guardian of his children. | ||
| + | == Works == | ||
| - | ==Analysis of a painting== | + | There are only five paintings signed by Patinir, but many other works have been attributed to him or his workshop with varying degrees of probability. The ones that are signed read: ''Opus Joachim D. Patinier'', the “D” in his signature signifying ''Dionantensis'' (“of [[Dinant]]”), which may attest to his provenance from this town. |
| - | ===Overview=== | + | The exhibition at the [[Museo del Prado|Madrid Prado Museum]] contained 22 pictures excluding those whose state did not allow their transportation. |
| - | Landscape with Charon Crossing the Styx is a very intricate painting. At first glance, the focus of the painting stands out clearly. The focus is in the center of the picture, where a man paddles down a river with another man much smaller than himself, in the boat. The man in the boat seems as if he is awaiting his destiny and the boat is leaning towards the right, Hell. The painting visibly depicts the details to the left and right side of the focus: [[heaven]] and [[hell]], good and evil. To the left is a heavenly place with bright blue skies, crystal blue rivers with a luminous fountain and angels accenting the grassy hills. To the far right of the painting is a gloomy, depressing site with a dark sky. Also on the right is fire blazing off of the hills with the sky suffocating in smoke, and dead people hanging off the depicted gate of Hell. | + | |
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| - | ===Lines=== | + | |
| - | The prevailing direction of the lines in this piece are horizontal and vertical. The painting has a high horizon, as if the viewer was looking from a birds-eye-view over the body of water. The vertical features of Patinir's painting are the rocks, trees, hills, angels, demons and other little features that make up the details of the painting. The quality of the lines in the painting vary. To the left-hand side in Heaven, the lines are very curvy, fluid, and delicate. The river in the middle is also curvy, accented with the sharp lines of the men and the boat. On the right-hand side in Hell, the lines are very choppy and harsh, giving a distinct contrast between Heaven and Hell. | + | |
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| - | ===Light source=== | + | |
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| - | The light source of the painting is coming from the left side, the side of Heaven. Heaven is clearly lit up with a crystal blue, sunny sky. Nevertheless, there is a great deal of tonal contrast in the painting. Landscape with Charon | + | |
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| - | Crossing the Styx is representing the journey to Heaven or Hell, Heaven being luminous and Hell being murky. The river is the dividing point, which is modeled with light and shade, light being on the left side and shade being on the right | + | |
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| - | ===Colors=== | + | |
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| - | The vivid colors of Patinir’s painting drove my selection of this work, while the intensity really caught my attention. The predominant color scheme in the picture is a three-color scheme suggesting depth. Patinir repeatedly used this scheme in his paintings. The three-color scheme consisted of, “the foreground which is usually brown, the middle ground a bluish green and the background a pale blue” (Groveart.com). The foreground in the painting is at the lower bottom half where there are brown rocks in Heaven and brown burnt trees in Hell. At the middle ground is the river and the grasslands with bright hues of blue and green throughout the painting. The background, which is cut off by the horizon line of the darker blue river, is a pale blue sky highlighted with white and gray clouds. | + | |
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| - | In Patinir‘s work, there is a reoccurring theme in space and design. The background details are seen as if they are very small—making everything look diverse from the sizes to the scales within a single painting. More than once, “Patinir used a repoussoir device to suggest depth, such as distancing effect of certain objects, areas of ground or groups of rocks,” which is evident in Landscape with Charon Crossing the Styx (Groveart.com). Repoussoir is French for driving bolt, and is defined as shaped or decorated patterns in relief by hammering or pressing on the reverse side of the painting. The painting is crowded to the left and right sides, and very open in the middle. The openness in the middle symbolizes and restates that the men in the boat are the main focus of the painting, and to the right and left is a clear depiction of Patinir’s vision of Heaven and Hell. | + | |
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| - | ===Depth and meaning=== | + | |
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| - | Joachim Patinir’s painting Landscape with Charon Crossing the Styx has | + | |
| - | more depth and meaning to it than appears at first glance. The painting represents a classical story of the traditions of the Last Judgment and the Ars moriendi with a [[Christian]] flair. The higher figure in the boat is [[Charon (mythology)|Charon]], who “ferries the souls of the dead to the gates of [[Hades]]” (Smith 320). The passenger in the boat, too minute to distinguish his expressions, represents a human soul waiting for Charon to decide between life or death. To the left is the fountain of Paradise, the spring from which the river [[Lethe]] flows. The Lethe river is the beautiful river that flows through Heaven,“ the water of Lethe has the power to make one forget the past and to grant eternal youth” (Battistini 210). The river flowing through the middle of the painting is the Styx, one of the four rivers of the underworld that passes through the deepest part of hell. Further to the right in Hell, the gate depicted in the painting is the gate of Hell which, “according to the [[Greeks|Greek]] writer Pausanias, one of the gates was located at the southern end of the Peloponnesus, in an inlet still visible on the Cape Matapan” (Battistini 213). In front of the gates of Hell is [[Cerberus]], a three-headed dog, who guards the entrance of the gate and frightens all the potential souls who enter into Hades. | + | |
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| - | ===Movement=== | + | |
| - | Landscape with Charon Crossing Styx fits into the Northern Renaissance | + | Patinir was a pioneer of landscape as an independent genre and he was the first Flemish painter to regard himself primarily as a landscape painter. Patinir was the friend of not only Dürer, but with [[Quentin Metsys]] as well, with whom he often collaborated. ''[[The Temptation of St Anthony]]'' (Prado) was done in collaboration with Metsys. |
| - | movement of art. The 16th century developed a new era for painting in [[Germany]] and the [[Netherlands]]. Many artists including Patinir traveled to [[Italy]] to study. Their travels to the South drastically influenced their painting style. Nicolas Pioch, who wrote The Northern Renaissance states, “In the North, change was driven by another set of preoccupations: religious reform, the return to ancient | + | |
| - | Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the Church” (Pioch). Patinir focused his paintings on religious stories with precise observation and naturalism in his landscape. | + | |
| + | ==Landscape with Charon Crossing the Styx== | ||
| + | [[Landscape with Charon Crossing the Styx]] | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| *[[Renaissance in the Netherlands]] | *[[Renaissance in the Netherlands]] | ||
| *[[Early Renaissance painting]] | *[[Early Renaissance painting]] | ||
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
Revision as of 10:51, 11 September 2013
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Joachim Patinir, also called de Patiner (c. 1480 – 5 October 1524), was a Flemish Northern Renaissance history and landscape painter from the area of modern Wallonia. He was probably the uncle of Herri met de Bles, with whom he helped establish a distinct style of Northern Renaissance landscapes. Patinir was the friend of not only Dürer, but with Quentin Metsys as well, with whom he often collaborated. The Temptation of St Anthony (Prado) was done in collaboration with Metsys. He is the inventor of the 'Weltlandschaft'.
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Biography
Originally from Dinant or Bouvignes in present-day Belgium, Patinir became registered as a member of Antwerp's painters’ guild Guild of Saint Luke in 1515, where he spent the rest of his life. He may have studied with Gerard David at Bruges, who had been registered as a guild member in the same year as Patinir. In 1511, Patinir is believed to have travelled to Genoa with David and Adrien Ysenbrandt.
In 1521, Patinir’s friend Albrecht Dürer attended his second wedding and painted his portrait. Dürer called Patinir "der gute Landschaftmaler" ("a good painter of landscapes"), thus creating a neologism translated later into the French. Patinir let his landscapes dwarf his figures, which were often painted by other artists. Such specialization was common in the Low Countries at the time to meet the demand. His immense vistas combine observation of naturalistic detail with lyrical fantasy, the prime example of which is his The Flight into Egypt (Museum of Antwerp). The rocks in his landscapes are inspired in his native Dinant. The farther features are painted with a green and blue palette to express the dimming caused by air. Other examples of his work include The Rest on the Flight into Egypt (Prado), The Baptism of Christ (Vienna), St. John at Patmos (National Gallery, London), Landscape with the Shepherds (Antwerp), and Rest by the Way (Minneapolis Institute of Arts). There is also a triptych attributed to him called The Penitence of St. Jerome.
Patinir died in Antwerp in 1524, and Quentin Metsys became the guardian of his children.
Works
There are only five paintings signed by Patinir, but many other works have been attributed to him or his workshop with varying degrees of probability. The ones that are signed read: Opus Joachim D. Patinier, the “D” in his signature signifying Dionantensis (“of Dinant”), which may attest to his provenance from this town. The exhibition at the Madrid Prado Museum contained 22 pictures excluding those whose state did not allow their transportation.
Patinir was a pioneer of landscape as an independent genre and he was the first Flemish painter to regard himself primarily as a landscape painter. Patinir was the friend of not only Dürer, but with Quentin Metsys as well, with whom he often collaborated. The Temptation of St Anthony (Prado) was done in collaboration with Metsys.
Landscape with Charon Crossing the Styx
Landscape with Charon Crossing the Styx
See also
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Joachim Patinir" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
