Liberalism
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| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| - | * [[European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party]] is the European umbrella organisation for liberal parties. | + | * [[List of liberal theorists|Contributions to liberal theory]] |
| - | * [[Friedrich Naumann Foundation]] is a global advocacy organisation that supports liberal ideas and policies. | + | * [[History of liberalism]] |
| + | |||
| + | * [[Civil and political rights]] | ||
| + | * [[Cultural liberalism]] | ||
| + | * [[Democracy]] | ||
| + | ** [[Liberal democracy]] | ||
| + | * [[Economic liberalism]] | ||
| + | * [[Egalitarianism]] | ||
| + | * [[Free market]] | ||
| + | * [[Free trade]] | ||
| + | * [[Freedom of the press]] | ||
| + | * [[Freedom of religion]] | ||
| + | * [[Freedom of speech]] | ||
| + | * [[Gender equality]] | ||
| + | * [[Harm principle]] | ||
| + | * [[Internationalism (politics)|Internationalism]] | ||
| + | * ''[[Laissez-faire]]'' | ||
| + | * [[Liberty]] | ||
| + | * [[Market economy]] | ||
| + | * [[Natural and legal rights]] | ||
| + | * [[Negative liberty|Negative]]/[[Positive liberty]] | ||
| + | * [[Open society]] | ||
| + | * [[Permissive society]] | ||
| + | * [[Private property]] | ||
| + | * [[Rule of law]] | ||
| + | * [[Secularism]] | ||
| + | * [[Separation of church and state]] | ||
| + | * [[Social contract]] | ||
| + | * [[Welfare state]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [[Anarcho-capitalism]] | ||
| + | * [[Civic nationalism]] | ||
| + | * [[Classical liberalism]] | ||
| + | * [[Conservative liberalism]] | ||
| + | * [[Democratic liberalism]] | ||
| + | * [[Geolibertarianism]] | ||
| + | * [[Green liberalism]] | ||
| + | * [[Liberal feminism]] | ||
| + | ** [[Equity feminism]] | ||
| + | * [[Liberal internationalism]] | ||
| + | * [[Liberal socialism]] | ||
| * [[Muscular liberalism]] | * [[Muscular liberalism]] | ||
| - | * [[Rule according to higher law]] | + | * [[Neoliberalism]] |
| - | * [[The American Prospect]] is an American political magazine that backs social liberal policies. | + | * [[Ordoliberalism]] |
| - | * ''[[The Liberal]]'' is a British magazine dedicated to coverage of liberal politics and liberal culture. | + | * [[Libertarianism]] |
| - | * [[Constitutional liberalism]] | + | * [[Radical centrism]] |
| + | * [[Radicalism (historical)|Radicalism]] | ||
| + | * [[Religious liberalism]] | ||
| + | * [[Liberal Christianity|Christian]] | ||
| + | * [[Liberalism and progressivism within Islam|Islamic]] | ||
| + | * [[Secular liberalism]] | ||
| + | * [[Social liberalism]] | ||
| + | * [[Technoliberalism]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [[Juan Bautista Alberdi]] | ||
| + | * [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert]] | ||
| + | * [[Rifa'a al-Tahtawi]] | ||
| + | * [[Chu Anping]] | ||
| + | * [[Matthew Arnold]] | ||
| + | * [[Raymond Aron]] | ||
| + | * [[Frédéric Bastiat]] | ||
| + | * [[Simone de Beauvoir]] | ||
| + | * [[Jeremy Bentham]] | ||
| + | * [[Isaiah Berlin]] | ||
| + | * [[Eduard Bernstein]] | ||
| + | * [[William Beveridge]] | ||
| + | * [[Norberto Bobbio]] | ||
| + | * [[Lujo Brentano|Ludwig Joseph Brentano]] | ||
| + | * [[John Bright]] | ||
| + | * [[Edmund Burke]] | ||
| + | * [[Thomas Carlyle]] | ||
| + | * [[Anders Chydenius]] | ||
| + | * [[Richard Cobden]] | ||
| + | * [[Marquis de Condorcet]] | ||
| + | * [[Benjamin Constant]] | ||
| + | * [[Benedetto Croce]] | ||
| + | * [[Ralf Dahrendorf]] | ||
| + | * [[John Dewey]] | ||
| + | * [[Charles Dickens]] | ||
| + | * [[Denis Diderot]] | ||
| + | * [[Zhang Dongsun]] | ||
| + | * [[Ronald Dworkin]] | ||
| + | * [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] | ||
| + | * [[Karl-Hermann Flach]] | ||
| + | * [[Milton Friedman]] | ||
| + | * [[John Kenneth Galbraith]] | ||
| + | * [[William Lloyd Garrison]] | ||
| + | * [[José Ortega y Gasset]] | ||
| + | * [[David Lloyd George]] | ||
| + | * [[William Ewart Gladstone|William Gladstone]] | ||
| + | * [[Piero Gobetti]] | ||
| + | * [[Francisco Luís Gomes]] | ||
| + | * [[John Gray (philosopher)|John Gray]] | ||
| + | * [[Thomas Hill Green]] | ||
| + | * [[Friedrich Hayek]] | ||
| + | * [[Auberon Herbert]] | ||
| + | * [[Thomas Hobbes]] | ||
| + | * [[Leonard Hobhouse]] | ||
| + | * [[John A. Hobson]] | ||
| + | * [[Qin Hui (historian)|Qin Hui]] | ||
| + | * [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]] | ||
| + | * [[Thomas Jefferson]] | ||
| + | * [[Immanuel Kant]] | ||
| + | * [[Namık Kemal]] | ||
| + | * [[John Maynard Keynes]] | ||
| + | * [[Will Kymlicka]] | ||
| + | * [[John Locke]] | ||
| + | * [[Salvador de Madariaga]] | ||
| + | * [[James Madison]] | ||
| + | * [[Harriet Martineau]] | ||
| + | * [[Minoo Masani]] | ||
| + | * [[James Mill]] | ||
| + | * [[John Stuart Mill]] | ||
| + | * [[John Milton]] | ||
| + | * [[Ludwig von Mises]] | ||
| + | * [[Donald Barkly Molteno]] | ||
| + | * [[Leo Chiozza Money]] | ||
| + | * [[Montesquieu|Charles de Montesquieu]] | ||
| + | * [[José María Luis Mora]] | ||
| + | * [[Chantal Mouffe]] | ||
| + | * [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] | ||
| + | * [[Friedrich Naumann]] | ||
| + | * [[Robert Nozick]] | ||
| + | * [[Bertil Ohlin]] | ||
| + | * [[Thomas Paine]] | ||
| + | * [[Alan Paton]] | ||
| + | * [[Karl Popper]] | ||
| + | * [[Richard Price]] | ||
| + | * [[Joseph Priestley]] | ||
| + | * [[Guillermo Prieto]] | ||
| + | * [[François Quesnay]] | ||
| + | * [[Ignacio Ramírez]] | ||
| + | * [[Ayn Rand]] | ||
| + | * [[Walther Rathenau]] | ||
| + | * [[John Rawls]] | ||
| + | * [[Joseph Raz]] | ||
| + | * [[David Ricardo]] | ||
| + | * [[Wilhelm Röpke]] | ||
| + | * [[Richard Rorty]] | ||
| + | * [[Carlo Rosselli]] | ||
| + | * [[Murray Rothbard]] | ||
| + | * [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] | ||
| + | * [[Jean-Baptiste Say]] | ||
| + | * [[Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed]] | ||
| + | * [[Amartya Sen]] | ||
| + | * [[Li Shenzhi]] | ||
| + | * [[Hu Shih]] | ||
| + | * [[Algernon Sidney]] | ||
| + | * [[Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès|Emmanuel Sieyès]] | ||
| + | * [[İbrahim Şinasi]] | ||
| + | * [[Adam Smith]] | ||
| + | * [[Hernando de Soto]] | ||
| + | * [[Herbert Spencer]] | ||
| + | * [[Germaine de Staël|Anne Louise Germaine de Staël]] | ||
| + | * [[William Graham Sumner]] | ||
| + | * [[R. H. Tawney]] | ||
| + | * [[Johan Rudolph Thorbecke]] | ||
| + | * [[Henry David Thoreau]] | ||
| + | * [[Alexis de Tocqueville]] | ||
| + | * [[Antoine Destutt de Tracy]] | ||
| + | * [[Anne Robert Jacques Turgot]] | ||
| + | * [[Voltaire]] | ||
| + | * [[Lester Frank Ward]] | ||
| + | * [[Max Weber]] | ||
| + | * [[Mary Wollstonecraft]] | ||
| + | * [[Tao Xingzhi]] | ||
| + | * [[Gu Zhun]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [[Liberal bias in academia]] | ||
| + | * [[Liberal conservatism]] | ||
| + | * [[Liberal socialism]] | ||
| + | * [[National liberalism]] | ||
| + | * [[Regressive left]] | ||
| + | |||
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
Revision as of 22:15, 12 February 2018
Illustration:Liberty Leading the People (1831, detail) by Eugène Delacroix.
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Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally they support ideas such as free and fair elections, civil rights, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, free trade, and private property.
Liberalism first became a distinct political movement during the Age of Enlightenment, when it became popular among philosophers and economists in the Western world. Liberalism rejected the notions, common at the time, of hereditary privilege, state religion, absolute monarchy, and the Divine Right of Kings. The 17th century philosopher John Locke is often credited with founding liberalism as a distinct philosophical tradition. Locke argued that each man has a natural right to life, liberty and property and according to the social contract, governments must not violate these rights. Liberals opposed traditional conservatism and sought to replace absolutism in government with representative democracy and the rule of law.
The revolutionaries of the Glorious Revolution, American Revolution, segments of the French Revolution, and other liberal revolutionaries from that time used liberal philosophy to justify the armed overthrow of what they saw as tyrannical rule. The nineteenth century saw liberal governments established in nations across Europe, Spanish America, and North America. In this period, the dominant ideological opponent of liberalism was classical conservatism.
See also
- Civil and political rights
- Cultural liberalism
- Democracy
- Economic liberalism
- Egalitarianism
- Free market
- Free trade
- Freedom of the press
- Freedom of religion
- Freedom of speech
- Gender equality
- Harm principle
- Internationalism
- Laissez-faire
- Liberty
- Market economy
- Natural and legal rights
- Negative/Positive liberty
- Open society
- Permissive society
- Private property
- Rule of law
- Secularism
- Separation of church and state
- Social contract
- Welfare state
- Anarcho-capitalism
- Civic nationalism
- Classical liberalism
- Conservative liberalism
- Democratic liberalism
- Geolibertarianism
- Green liberalism
- Liberal feminism
- Liberal internationalism
- Liberal socialism
- Muscular liberalism
- Neoliberalism
- Ordoliberalism
- Libertarianism
- Radical centrism
- Radicalism
- Religious liberalism
- Christian
- Islamic
- Secular liberalism
- Social liberalism
- Technoliberalism
- Juan Bautista Alberdi
- Jean le Rond d'Alembert
- Rifa'a al-Tahtawi
- Chu Anping
- Matthew Arnold
- Raymond Aron
- Frédéric Bastiat
- Simone de Beauvoir
- Jeremy Bentham
- Isaiah Berlin
- Eduard Bernstein
- William Beveridge
- Norberto Bobbio
- Ludwig Joseph Brentano
- John Bright
- Edmund Burke
- Thomas Carlyle
- Anders Chydenius
- Richard Cobden
- Marquis de Condorcet
- Benjamin Constant
- Benedetto Croce
- Ralf Dahrendorf
- John Dewey
- Charles Dickens
- Denis Diderot
- Zhang Dongsun
- Ronald Dworkin
- Ralph Waldo Emerson
- Karl-Hermann Flach
- Milton Friedman
- John Kenneth Galbraith
- William Lloyd Garrison
- José Ortega y Gasset
- David Lloyd George
- William Gladstone
- Piero Gobetti
- Francisco Luís Gomes
- John Gray
- Thomas Hill Green
- Friedrich Hayek
- Auberon Herbert
- Thomas Hobbes
- Leonard Hobhouse
- John A. Hobson
- Qin Hui
- Wilhelm von Humboldt
- Thomas Jefferson
- Immanuel Kant
- Namık Kemal
- John Maynard Keynes
- Will Kymlicka
- John Locke
- Salvador de Madariaga
- James Madison
- Harriet Martineau
- Minoo Masani
- James Mill
- John Stuart Mill
- John Milton
- Ludwig von Mises
- Donald Barkly Molteno
- Leo Chiozza Money
- Charles de Montesquieu
- José María Luis Mora
- Chantal Mouffe
- Dadabhai Naoroji
- Friedrich Naumann
- Robert Nozick
- Bertil Ohlin
- Thomas Paine
- Alan Paton
- Karl Popper
- Richard Price
- Joseph Priestley
- Guillermo Prieto
- François Quesnay
- Ignacio Ramírez
- Ayn Rand
- Walther Rathenau
- John Rawls
- Joseph Raz
- David Ricardo
- Wilhelm Röpke
- Richard Rorty
- Carlo Rosselli
- Murray Rothbard
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- Jean-Baptiste Say
- Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed
- Amartya Sen
- Li Shenzhi
- Hu Shih
- Algernon Sidney
- Emmanuel Sieyès
- İbrahim Şinasi
- Adam Smith
- Hernando de Soto
- Herbert Spencer
- Anne Louise Germaine de Staël
- William Graham Sumner
- R. H. Tawney
- Johan Rudolph Thorbecke
- Henry David Thoreau
- Alexis de Tocqueville
- Antoine Destutt de Tracy
- Anne Robert Jacques Turgot
- Voltaire
- Lester Frank Ward
- Max Weber
- Mary Wollstonecraft
- Tao Xingzhi
- Gu Zhun
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Liberalism" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
