Liberalism
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| + | "I'm sick and tired of hearing about all of the radicals, and the [[Perversion|perverts]], and the [[Liberalism|liberals]], and the [[Left-wing politics|left]]ists, and the [[Communism|Communists]] [[Coming out |coming out of the closet]]! It's time for [[People of God|God's people]] to come out of the closet, out of the churches, and change America!" --[[Jerry Falwell]] | ||
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| + | "Had the whole of [[Europe]] at that time been of [[Italian Renaissance|the same mind as Italy]], [[Renaissance humanism]] might have established [[freedom of thought]] everywhere, simply by default of opposition. Europe might have returned to—or, if you like, relapsed into—a [[liberalism]] resembling that of [[Pre-Christian|pre-Christian antiquity]]. Whatever may have followed after that, our [[hemoclysm|present disasters]] would not have occurred." --''[[The Logic of Liberty]]'' (1951) by [[Michael Polanyi]] | ||
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| [[Image:Eugène Delacroix - La liberté guidant le peuple.jpg|thumb|200px|This page '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is part of the [[politics]] series.<br><small>Illustration:''[[Liberty Leading the People]]'' (1831, detail) by [[Eugène Delacroix]].</small>]] | [[Image:Eugène Delacroix - La liberté guidant le peuple.jpg|thumb|200px|This page '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is part of the [[politics]] series.<br><small>Illustration:''[[Liberty Leading the People]]'' (1831, detail) by [[Eugène Delacroix]].</small>]] | ||
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| The revolutionaries of the [[Glorious Revolution]], [[American Revolution]], segments of the [[French Revolution]], and other liberal revolutionaries from that time used liberal philosophy to justify the armed overthrow of what they saw as [[tyrant|tyrannical]] rule. The nineteenth century saw liberal governments established in nations across [[Liberalism in Europe|Europe]], [[Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America|Spanish America]], and [[Liberalism in the United States|North America]]. In this period, the dominant ideological opponent of liberalism was classical [[conservatism]]. | The revolutionaries of the [[Glorious Revolution]], [[American Revolution]], segments of the [[French Revolution]], and other liberal revolutionaries from that time used liberal philosophy to justify the armed overthrow of what they saw as [[tyrant|tyrannical]] rule. The nineteenth century saw liberal governments established in nations across [[Liberalism in Europe|Europe]], [[Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America|Spanish America]], and [[Liberalism in the United States|North America]]. In this period, the dominant ideological opponent of liberalism was classical [[conservatism]]. | ||
| - | ==Etymology and definition== | + | == See also == |
| - | Words such as ''liberal'', ''[[liberty]]'', ''[[Libertarianism|libertarian]]'', and ''[[libertine]]'' all trace their history to the Latin ''liber'', which means "free".<ref name="Gross, p. 5">Gross, p. 5.</ref> One of the first recorded instances of the word ''liberal'' occurs in 1375, when it was used to describe the ''[[liberal arts]]'' in the context of an education desirable for a free-born man.<ref name="Gross, p. 5"/> The word's early connection with the classical education of a medieval university soon gave way to a proliferation of different denotations and connotations. ''Liberal'' could refer to "free in bestowing" as early as 1387, "made without stint" in 1433, "freely permitted" in 1530, and "free from restraint"—often as a pejorative remark—in the 16th and the 17th centuries.<ref name="Gross, p. 5"/> | + | * ''[[The American Prospect]]'', an American political magazine that backs social liberal policies |
| - | + | * [[Constitutional liberalism]] | |
| - | In 16th century [[Kingdom of England|England]], ''liberal'' could have positive or negative attributes in referring to someone's generosity or indiscretion.<ref name="Gross, p. 5"/> In ''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]'', [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] wrote of "a liberal villaine" who "hath...confest his vile encounters".<ref name="Gross, p. 5"/> With the rise of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], the word acquired decisively more positive undertones, being defined as "free from narrow prejudice" in 1781 and "free from bigotry" in 1823.<ref name="Gross, p. 5"/> In 1815, the first use of the word ''liberalism'' appeared in English.<ref>Kirchner, pp. 2–3.</ref> By the middle of the 19th century, ''liberal'' started to be used as a politicised term for [[Liberal Party|parties and movements]] all over the world.<ref>Emil J. Kirchner, ''Liberal Parties in Western Europe'', "Liberal parties were among the first political parties to form, and their long-serving and influential records, as participants in parliaments and governments, raise important questions ... ", Cambridge University Press, 1988, ISBN 978-0521323949</ref> | + | * [[Friedrich Naumann Foundation]], a global advocacy organisation that supports liberal ideas and policies |
| - | + | * ''[[The Liberal]]'', a former British magazine dedicated to coverage of liberal politics and liberal culture | |
| - | ==See also== | + | |
| - | * [[European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party]] is the European umbrella organisation for liberal parties. | + | |
| - | * [[Friedrich Naumann Foundation]] is a global advocacy organisation that supports liberal ideas and policies. | + | |
| * [[Muscular liberalism]] | * [[Muscular liberalism]] | ||
| + | * [[Orange Book liberalism]] | ||
| * [[Rule according to higher law]] | * [[Rule according to higher law]] | ||
| - | * [[The American Prospect]] is an American political magazine that backs social liberal policies. | + | * [[Liberal bias in academia]] |
| - | * ''[[The Liberal]]'' is a British magazine dedicated to coverage of liberal politics and liberal culture. | + | * [[Liberal conservatism]] |
| - | * [[Constitutional liberalism]] | + | * [[Liberal socialism]] |
| + | * [[National liberalism]] | ||
| + | * [[Regressive left]] | ||
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Revision as of 14:23, 23 September 2019
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"I'm sick and tired of hearing about all of the radicals, and the perverts, and the liberals, and the leftists, and the Communists coming out of the closet! It's time for God's people to come out of the closet, out of the churches, and change America!" --Jerry Falwell "Had the whole of Europe at that time been of the same mind as Italy, Renaissance humanism might have established freedom of thought everywhere, simply by default of opposition. Europe might have returned to—or, if you like, relapsed into—a liberalism resembling that of pre-Christian antiquity. Whatever may have followed after that, our present disasters would not have occurred." --The Logic of Liberty (1951) by Michael Polanyi |
Illustration:Liberty Leading the People (1831, detail) by Eugène Delacroix.
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Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally they support ideas such as free and fair elections, civil rights, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, free trade, and private property.
Liberalism first became a distinct political movement during the Age of Enlightenment, when it became popular among philosophers and economists in the Western world. Liberalism rejected the notions, common at the time, of hereditary privilege, state religion, absolute monarchy, and the Divine Right of Kings. The 17th century philosopher John Locke is often credited with founding liberalism as a distinct philosophical tradition. Locke argued that each man has a natural right to life, liberty and property and according to the social contract, governments must not violate these rights. Liberals opposed traditional conservatism and sought to replace absolutism in government with representative democracy and the rule of law.
The revolutionaries of the Glorious Revolution, American Revolution, segments of the French Revolution, and other liberal revolutionaries from that time used liberal philosophy to justify the armed overthrow of what they saw as tyrannical rule. The nineteenth century saw liberal governments established in nations across Europe, Spanish America, and North America. In this period, the dominant ideological opponent of liberalism was classical conservatism.
See also
- The American Prospect, an American political magazine that backs social liberal policies
- Constitutional liberalism
- Friedrich Naumann Foundation, a global advocacy organisation that supports liberal ideas and policies
- The Liberal, a former British magazine dedicated to coverage of liberal politics and liberal culture
- Muscular liberalism
- Orange Book liberalism
- Rule according to higher law
- Liberal bias in academia
- Liberal conservatism
- Liberal socialism
- National liberalism
- Regressive left
