March 31  

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== Art and culture == == Art and culture ==
-* [[307]] - After divorcing his wife [[Minervina]], [[Constantine I (emperor)|Constantine]] marries [[Fausta]], the daughter of the retired [[Roman Emperor]] [[Maximian]]. 
-*[[1146]] - [[Bernard of Clairvaux]] preaches his famous sermon in a field at [[Vézelay]], urging the necessity of a [[Second Crusade]]. [[Louis VII of France|Louis VII]] is present, and joins the Crusade. 
-*[[1492]] - [[Isabella I of Castile|Queen Isabella]] of Castille [[Alhambra decree|orders her 150,000 Jewish subjects to convert]] to Christianity or face expulsion.  
-*[[1717]] - A [[Sermon (oration)|sermon]] on "The Nature of the Kingdom of Christ" by [[Benjamin Hoadly]], the [[Bishop of Bangor]], provoked the [[Bangorian Controversy]]. 
-*[[1774]] - [[American Revolutionary War]]: The [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] orders the port of [[Boston, Massachusetts]] closed in the [[Boston Port Act]].  
-*[[1822]] - [[Chios massacre|The massacre of the population]] of the Greek island of [[Chios]] by soldiers of the [[Ottoman Empire]] following a rebellion attempt, depicted by the French artist [[Eugène Delacroix]]. 
-*[[1854]] - [[Commodore (USN)|Commodore]] [[Matthew Perry (naval officer)|Matthew Perry]] signs the [[Treaty of Kanagawa]] with the [[Japan]]ese [[government]], opening the ports of [[Shimoda, Shizuoka|Shimoda]] and [[Hakodate]] to [[United States|American]] trade.  
-*[[1866]] - The [[Spanish Navy]] bombs the harbour of [[Valparaíso]], [[Chile]]. 
-*[[1877]] - The family with samurai antecedents who responded to the [[Takamori Saigo|Saigo]] army in [[Ōita Prefecture|Ōita]] Nakatsu rebels. 
-*[[1885]] - The [[United Kingdom]] establishes a [[protectorate]] over [[Bechuanaland]].  
*[[1889]] - The [[Eiffel Tower]] is inaugurated. *[[1889]] - The [[Eiffel Tower]] is inaugurated.
-*[[1903]] - [[Richard Pearse]] apparently made the worlds first powered flight, after flying a few hundred metres he crashed into a hedge. 
-*[[1906]] - The [[Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States]] (later [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]]) is established to set rules for amateur [[sport]]s in the [[United States]]. 
-*[[1909]] - [[Serbia]] accepts [[Austria]]n control over [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]].  
-*[[1917]] - The [[United States]] takes possession of the [[Danish West Indies]] after paying $25 million to [[Denmark]], and renames the territory the [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]].  
-*[[1918]] - [[Daylight saving time]] goes into effect in the [[United States]] for the first time.  
*[[1930]] - The [[Hays Code|Motion Pictures Production Code]] is instituted, imposing strict guidelines on the treatment of [[sex]], [[crime]], [[religion]] and [[violence]] in [[film|motion pictures]] for the next thirty eight years. *[[1930]] - The [[Hays Code|Motion Pictures Production Code]] is instituted, imposing strict guidelines on the treatment of [[sex]], [[crime]], [[religion]] and [[violence]] in [[film|motion pictures]] for the next thirty eight years.
-*[[1931]] - An [[earthquake]] destroys [[Managua]], [[Nicaragua]], killing 2,000.  
-*[[1933]] - The [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] is established with the mission to relieve rampant unemployment. 
-*[[1942]] - In [[World War II]], Japanese forces [[Battle of Christmas Island|invade]] [[Christmas Island]], then a British possession. 
-* 1942 - [[Holocaust]] in [[Ivano-Frankivsk]] (then called Stanislawow), western [[Ukraine]]. [[Germany|German]] [[Gestapo]] organise the first deportation of 5.000 [[Jews]] from Stanislawow [[ghetto]] to [[Belzec]] death camp. It was one of the biggest transports to [[Belzec]] in the first phase of the camp.  
-*[[1944]] - Japanese Navy Marshal [[Mineichi Koga]] dies in the performance of job in the Navy Second Incident. 
-*[[1946]] - The first election is held in [[Greece]] after [[World War II]]. 
-*[[1949]] - The [[Dominion of Newfoundland]] joins [[Confederation]] and becomes the 10th [[Province]] of [[Canada]]. 
-*[[1951]] - The first commercial US made computer, [[UNIVAC I]], was delivered to the [[United States Census Bureau]]. 
-*[[1957]] - Elections to the [[Territorial Assembly Election in Upper Volta 1957|Territorial Assembly]] of the [[France|French]] colony [[French Upper Volta|Upper Volta]]. After the elections [[Unified Democratic Party|PDU]] and [[Voltaic Democratic Movement|MDV]] form a [[government]]. 
-*[[1959]] - The 14th [[Dalai Lama]], [[Tenzin Gyatso]], crosses the border into [[India]] and is granted [[political asylum]].  
-*[[1964]] - The [[History of Brazil (1964-1985)#History of Brazil (1964-1985)|Dictatorship in Brazil]], under the aegis of general [[Humberto de Alencar Castello Branco|Castello Branco]], begins.  
-*[[1965]] - [[Iberia Airlines]] [[Convair 440]], crashed into the sea on approach to [[Tangier]] killing 47 of 51 occupants. 
-*[[1966]] - The [[Soviet Union]] launches [[Luna 10]] which later becomes the first [[spaceprobe]] to enter orbit around the [[Moon]]. 
-*[[1968]] - [[President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] announces he will not run for re-election. 
-*[[1970]] - [[Explorer 1]] re-enters the [[Earth]]'s atmosphere (after 12 years in orbit). 
-* 1970 - Eight [[terrorism|terrorists]] from the [[Japanese Red Army]] [[Aircraft hijacking|hijacked]] [[Japan Airlines Flight 351]] at [[Tokyo International Airport]], wielding [[Katana|samurai swords]] and carrying a [[bomb]]. 
-*[[1979]] - The last [[Armed Forces of the United Kingdom|British]] soldier leaves the [[Maltese Islands]]. [[Malta]] declares its Freedom Day (Jum il-Helsien). 
-*[[1980]] - The [[Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific]] railroad operate final train after ordered to be liquidated due to bankruptcy and debt owed to creditors. 
-*[[1986]] - A [[Mexicana]] [[Boeing 727]] en route to [[Puerto Vallarta]] erupts in flames and crashes in the mountains northwest of [[Mexico City]], killing 166.  
-* 1986 - Six [[metropolitan county]] councils are abolished in [[England]]. 
-*[[1990]] - [[Poll Tax Riots|200,000 protestors took to the streets]] of [[London]] to show their displeasure at the newly introduced [[Poll Tax]]. 
-*[[1991]] - The Establishment of Islamic Constitutional Movement - [[Hadas]] in [[Kuwait]]. 
-* 1991 - [[Georgian independence referendum, 1991]]: nearly 99 per cent of the voters support the country's independence from the [[Soviet Union]]. 
-*[[1992]] - [[USS Missouri (BB-63)]], the last active US Navy [[Battleship]], is decommissioned in [[Long Beach, California]]. 
-*[[1994]] - The [[journal]] ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' reports the finding in [[Ethiopia]] of the first complete ''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]'' skull (see [[Human evolution]]). 
-*[[1995]] - In [[Corpus Christi, Texas]], Latin superstar [[Selena Quintanilla Perez]] is shot and killed by [[Yolanda Saldivar]], the president of her own fan club. 
-*[[1998]] - [[Netscape Communications Corporation|Netscape]] releases the [[code base]] of its browser under an [[Open-source software|open-source]] license agreement; the project is given the code name [[Mozilla]] and would eventually be spun off into the non-profit [[Mozilla Foundation]]. 
-*[[2002]] - 331 Earthquake in Taiwan, which measured 7.1 and killed at least four people. 
-*[[2004]] - In [[Fallujah]], [[Iraq]], 4 [[United States|American]] [[private military contractor]]s working for [[Blackwater USA]], are killed and their bodies mutilated after being ambushed. 
==Births== ==Births==

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Production Code René Descartes Nagisa Oshima John Fowles Angela and Luciana Giussani Jeffrey Lee Pierce Volker Schlöndorff Eliel Saarinen Marge Piercy Sergei Diaghilev Octavio Paz Paul Strand Christopher Walken Jules Pascin Terri Schiavo The Matrix Georges Lévis Willem Kloos Sir Isaac Newton Herb Alpert Filip Dujardin Eiffel Tower John Constable Patrick Magee (actor) Christina Stead

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