March 31  

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== Art and culture == == Art and culture ==
-*[[1889]] - The [[Eiffel Tower]] is inaugurated.+*[[1889]] - The [[Eiffel Tower]] is inaugurated in Paris.
*[[1930]] - The [[Hays Code|Motion Pictures Production Code]] is instituted, imposing strict guidelines on the treatment of [[sex]], [[crime]], [[religion]] and [[violence]] in [[film|motion pictures]] for the next thirty eight years. *[[1930]] - The [[Hays Code|Motion Pictures Production Code]] is instituted, imposing strict guidelines on the treatment of [[sex]], [[crime]], [[religion]] and [[violence]] in [[film|motion pictures]] for the next thirty eight years.
==Births== ==Births==
-* [[250]] - [[Constantius Chlorus]], [[Roman Emperor]] (d. [[306]]) 
-*[[1360]] - [[Philippa of Lancaster]], queen of Portugal (d. [[1415]]) 
-*[[1425]] - [[Bianca Maria Visconti]], Duchess of Milan (d. [[1468]]) 
-*[[1499]] - [[Pope Pius IV]] (d. [[1565]]) 
-*[[1504]] - [[Guru Angad Dev]], second Sikh guru (d. [[1552]]) 
-*[[1519]] - King [[Henry II of France]] (d. [[1559]]) 
-*[[1536]] - [[Ashikaga Yoshiteru]], Japanese shogun (d. [[1565]]) 
-*[[1576]] - [[Louise Juliana of Nassau]], Regent of Bohemia (died [[1644]]) 
*[[1596]] - [[René Descartes]], French mathematician (d. [[1650]]) *[[1596]] - [[René Descartes]], French mathematician (d. [[1650]])
-*[[1621]] - [[Andrew Marvell]], English poet (d. [[1678]])+*[[1872]] - [[Serge Diaghilev]], Russian ballet impresario ([[Ballets Russes]]) (d. [[1929]])
-*[[1651]] - [[Karl II, Elector Palatine]] (d. [[1685]])+
-*[[1675]] - [[Pope Benedict XIV]] (d. [[1758]])+
-*[[1718]] - [[Marianne Victoria of Borbón]], queen regent of Portugal (d. [[1781]])+
-*[[1723]] - King [[Frederick V of Denmark]] (d. [[1766]])+
-*[[1730]] - [[Étienne Bézout]], French mathematician (d. [[1783]])+
-*[[1732]] - [[Joseph Haydn]], Austrian composer (d. [[1809]])+
-*[[1777]] - [[Charles Cagniard de la Tour]], French physicist (d. [[1859]])+
-*[[1778]] - [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck]], Dutch zoologist (d. [[1858]])+
-*[[1794]] - [[Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan]], American politician (d. [[1852]])+
-*[[1809]] - [[Edward FitzGerald]], English poet (d. [[1883]])+
-*[[1811]] - [[Robert Wilhelm Bunsen]], German chemist and inventor (d. [[1899]])+
-*[[1819]] - [[Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst]], [[Chancellor of Germany]] (d. [[1901]])+
-*[[1847]] - [[Yegor Ivanovich Zolotarev]], Russian mathematician (d. [[1878]])+
-*[[1855]] - [[Alfred E. Hunt]], founder of [[Alcoa]] (d. [[1899]])+
-*[[1871]] - [[Arthur Griffith]], [[President of Ireland]] (d. [[1922]])+
-*[[1872]] - [[Alexandra Kollontai]], Russian ambassador to Norway (d.[[1952]])+
-* 1872 - [[Serge Diaghilev]], Russian ballet impresario ([[Ballets Russes]]) (d. [[1929]])+
-*[[1876]] - [[Borisav Stanković|Borisav "Bora" Stanković]], [[Serbia]]n writer (d. [[1927]])+
-*[[1878]] - [[Jack Johnson (boxer)|Jack Johnson]], American boxer (d. [[1946]])+
-*[[1884]] - [[Adriaan van Maanen]], Dutch-American astronomer (d. [[1946]])+
*[[1885]] - [[Pascin]], Bulgarian painter (d. [[1930]]) *[[1885]] - [[Pascin]], Bulgarian painter (d. [[1930]])
-*[[1890]] - [[William Lawrence Bragg]], English physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel laureate]] (d. [[1971]]) 
-*[[1891]] - [[Victor Varconi]], Hungarian film actor (d. [[1976]]) 
-*[[1893]] - [[Clemens Krauss]], Austrian conductor (d. [[1954]]) 
-*[[1906]] - [[Sin-Itiro Tomonaga]], Japanese physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel laureate]] (d. [[1979]]) 
-*[[1907]] - [[Eddie Quillan]], American actor (d. [[1990]]) 
-*[[1908]] - [[Red Norvo]], American jazz vibraphonist (d. [[1999]]) 
-*[[1911]] - [[Elisabeth Grümmer]], Alsatian soprano (d. [[1986]]) 
*[[1914]] - [[Octavio Paz]], Mexican diplomat and writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel laureate]] (d. [[1998]]) *[[1914]] - [[Octavio Paz]], Mexican diplomat and writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel laureate]] (d. [[1998]])
-*[[1915]] - [[Albert Hourani]], English historian (d. [[1993]])+*[[1922]] - [[Patrick Magee (actor)]], Northern Irish actor (''A Clockwork Orange'') (d. [[1982]])
-* 1915 - [[Shoichi Yokoi]], Japanese military man (d. [[1997]])+*[[1926]] - [[John Fowles]], English author (d. 2005)
-*[[1916]] - [[Lucille Bliss]], American voice actress+*[[1932]] - [[Nagisa Oshima]], Japanese film director (d. 2013)
-* 1916 - [[John H. Wood, Jr.]], American federal judge (d. [[1979]])+
-*[[1919]] - [[Frank Akins]], American football player (d. [[1993]])+
-*[[1922]] - [[Richard Kiley]], American actor and singer (d. [[1999]])+
-*[[1924]] - [[Leo Buscaglia]], American author (d. [[1998]])+
-* 1924 - [[Charles Guggenheim]], American film director/producer (d. [[2002]])+
-*[[1925]] - [[Jean Coutu (actor)|Jean Coutu]], French Canadian actor (d. [[1999]])+
-*[[1926]] - [[John Fowles]], English author (d. [[2005]])+
-*[[1927]] - [[César Chávez]], American labor activist (d. [[1993]])+
-* 1927 - [[William Daniels]], American actor+
-*[[1928]] - [[Lefty Frizzell]], American singer and songwriter (d. [[1975]])+
-* 1928 - [[Gordie Howe]], Canadian ice hockey player+
-*[[1929]] - [[Liz Claiborne (fashion designer)|Liz Claiborne]], Belgian-born American fashion designer (d. [[2007]])+
-* 1929 - [[Bertram Fields]], American lawyer+
-*[[1931]] - [[Miller Barber]], American golfer+
-*[[1932]] - [[Nagisa Oshima]], Japanese film director+
-*[[1933]] - [[Nichita Stănescu]], Romanian poet (d. [[1983]])+
-*[[1934]] - [[Richard Chamberlain (actor)|Richard Chamberlain]], American actor+
-* 1934 - [[Shirley Jones]], American singer and actress+
-* 1934 - [[Carlo Rubbia]], Italian physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel laureate]]+
-* 1934 - [[John D. Loudermilk]], American singer and songwriter+
*[[1935]] - [[Herb Alpert]], American trumpeter and band leader *[[1935]] - [[Herb Alpert]], American trumpeter and band leader
-* 1935 - [[Judith Rossner]], American author+*[[1936]] - [[Marge Piercy]], American writer
-*[[1936]] - [[Bob Pulford]], Canadian ice hockey player+*[[1939]] - [[Volker Schlöndorff]], German film director
-* 1936 - [[Marge Piercy]], American writer+
-* 1936 - [[Dokumamushi Sandayu]], Japanese actor+
-*[[1938]] - [[Sheila Dikshit]], Chief Minister of Delhi+
-* 1938 - [[David Steel]], Scottish politician+
-* 1938 - [[Michiko Nomura]], Japanese voice actor+
-* 1938 - [[Bill Hicke]], Canadian ice hockey player (d. [[2005]])+
-*[[1939]] - [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]], first [[President of Georgia]] (d. [[1993]])+
-* 1939 - [[Volker Schlöndorff]], German film director+
-*[[1940]] - [[Barney Frank]], U.S. Representative from Massachusetts+
-* 1940 - [[Patrick Leahy]], U.S. Senator from Vermont+
-*[[1942]] - [[Michael Savage (commentator)|Michael Savage]], American talk radio host and commentator+
-* 1942 - [[Ulla Hoffmann]], Swedish politician+
*[[1943]] - [[Christopher Walken]], American actor *[[1943]] - [[Christopher Walken]], American actor
-*[[1944]] - [[Pascal Danel]], French singer and songwriter+*[[1971]] - [[Filip Dujardin]], Belgian photographer
-* 1944 - [[Mick Ralphs]], English guitarist ([[Mott the Hoople]], [[Bad Company]])+
-*[[1945]] - [[Valerie Curtin]], American actress, writer, and producer+
-* 1945 - [[Gabe Kaplan]], American actor and comedian+
-*[[1946]] - [[Gonzalo Márquez]], Venezuelan baseball player (d. [[1984]])+
-*[[1947]] - [[Cesar Gaviria Trujillo]], [[President of Colombia]]+
-*[[1948]] - [[Al Gore]], [[Vice President of the United States]] and recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]+
-* 1948 - [[Rhea Perlman]], American actress+
-*[[1950]] - [[Ed Marinaro]], American football player and actor+
-* 1950 - [[András Adorján]], Hungarian chess player+
-*[[1955]] - [[Angus Young]], Scottish-born Australian guitarist ([[AC/DC]])+
-* 1955 - [[Robert Vance]], New Zealand cricketer+
-*[[1957]] - [[Marc McClure]], American actor+
-* 1957 - [[Alan Duncan]], British politician+
-*[[1959]] - [[Ali McMordie]], Irish bassist ([[Stiff Little Fingers]])+
-*[[1963]] - [[Paul Mercurio]], Australian actor/dancer+
-*[[1964]] - [[Paul Wong|Paul Wong Koon-Chung]], Hong Kong musician ([[Beyond (band)|Beyond]])+
-*[[1965]] - [[Tom Barrasso]], American ice hockey player+
-* 1965 - [[Steven T. Seagle]], American comic-book writer +
-*[[1966]] - [[Roger Black]], English athlete+
-*[[1968]] - [[Naoya Ogawa]], Japanese professional wrestler+
-*[[1969]] - [[Samantha Brown]], American television host+
-*[[1969]] - [[Steve Smith (basketball)|Steve Smith]], American basketball player+
-* 1969 - [[Nyamko Sabuni]], Swedish politician+
-*[[1971]] - [[Pavel Bure]], Russian ice hockey player+
-* 1971 - [[Ewan McGregor]], Scottish actor+
-*[[1972]] - [[Hristos Polihroniou]], Greek hammer thrower+
-* 1972 - [[Alejandro Amenábar]], Spanish film director+
-*[[1973]] - [[Bold Forbes]], Puerto Rican/American thoroughbred racehorse (d. [[2000]])+
-*[[1974]] - [[Stefan Olsdal]], Swedish bassist ([[Placebo (band)|Placebo]])+
-* 1974 - [[Benjamin Eicher]], Swiss film director+
-*[[1976]] - [[Josh Saviano]], American actor+
-* 1976 - [[Ashton Moore]], American porn actress+
-*[[1977]] - [[Toshiya (musician)|Toshiya]], Japanese musician ([[Dir en grey]])+
-* 1977 - [[Garth Tander]], Australian racing driver+
-*[[1978]] - [[Stephen Clemence]], English footballer+
-* 1978 - [[Jérôme Rothen]], French footballer+
-* 1978 - [[Tony Yayo]], American rapper+
-*[[1979]] - [[Josh Kinney]], American baseball player+
-*[[1980]] - [[Chien-Ming Wang]], Taiwanese baseball player+
-* 1980 - [[Maaya Sakamoto]], Japanese voice actor+
-* 1980 - [[Michael Ryder]], Canadian ice hockey player+
-*[[1981]] - [[Maarten van der Weijden]], Dutch swimmer+
-*[[1982]] - [[Lennon Murphy]], American rock singer/songwriter+
-* 1982 - [[Philippe Mexès]], French footballer+
-*[[1983]] - [[Paddy McCarthy]], Irish footballer+
-* 1983 - [[Vlasios Maras]], Greek gymnast+
-*[[1984]] - [[James Jones (football player)|James Jones]], American football player+
-*[[1987]] - [[Georg Listing]], Bassist of [[Tokio Hotel]]+
-*[[1988]] - [[Hogan Ephraim]], English Footballer+
-<!-- +
-Do not add your own name or people without Wikipedia articles to this list. No red links, please.+
-Do not trust "this year in history" websites for accurate date information.+
-Do not link multiple occurrences of the same year, just link the first occurrence.+
--->+
- +
==Deaths== ==Deaths==
-*[[1074]] - Regency [[Yorimichi Fujiwara]] of Japan (b. [[992]]) 
-*[[1204]] - [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]], Queen of France and England (b. [[1121]]) 
-*[[1340]] - [[Ivan I of Russia]], Prince of Moscow (b. [[1288]]) 
-*[[1547]] - [[Francis I of France]] (b. [[1494]])  
-*[[1567]] - [[Philipp I of Hesse]] (b. [[1504]]) 
-*[[1621]] - [[Philip III of Spain]] (b. [[1578]]) 
-*[[1631]] - [[John Donne]], English writer and prelate (b. [[1572]]) 
-*[[1671]] - [[Anne Hyde]], wife of [[James II of England]] (b. [[1637]]) 
-*[[1703]] - [[Johann Christoph Bach]], German composer (b. [[1642]]) 
-*[[1723]] - [[Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon]], British-born American statesman (b. [[1661]]) 
*[[1727]] - [[Sir Isaac Newton]], English mathematician and physicist (b. [[1643]]) *[[1727]] - [[Sir Isaac Newton]], English mathematician and physicist (b. [[1643]])
-*[[1741]] - [[Pieter Burmann the Elder]], Dutch classical scholar (b. [[1668]]) 
-*[[1783]] - [[Nikita Ivanovich Panin]], Russian statesman (b. [[1718]]) 
*[[1837]] - [[John Constable]], English painter (b. [[1776]]) *[[1837]] - [[John Constable]], English painter (b. [[1776]])
-*[[1850]] - [[John C. Calhoun]], 7th [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. [[1782]]) 
*[[1855]] - [[Charlotte Brontë]], English author (b. [[1816]]) *[[1855]] - [[Charlotte Brontë]], English author (b. [[1816]])
-*[[1877]] - [[Antoine Augustin Cournot]], French mathematician (b. [[1801]])+*[[1945]] - [[Anne Frank]], German-born diarist (b. [[1929]])
-*[[1880]] - [[Henryk Wieniawski]], Polish composer (b. [[1835]])+*[[1983]] - [[Christina Stead]], Australian novelist and short-story writer (b. [[1902]])
-*[[1885]] - [[Franz Wilhelm Abt]], German composer (b. [[1819]])+
-*[[1913]] - [[J. P. Morgan|John Pierpont Morgan]], American financier (b. [[1837]])+
-*[[1917]] - [[Emil Adolf von Behring]], German physician, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel laureate]] (b. [[1854]])+
-*[[1915]] - [[Wyndham Halswelle]], Scottish athlete (b. [[1882]])+
-*[[1927]] - [[Borisav Stanković|Borisav "Bora" Stanković]], [[Serbia]]n writer (b. [[1875]])+
-*[[1931]] - [[Knute Rockne]], American football coach (b. [[1888]])+
-*[[1945]] - [[Hans Fischer]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel laureate]] (b. [[1881]])+
-* 1945 - [[Anne Frank]], German-born diarist (b. [[1929]])+
-*[[1952]] - [[Wallace H. White, Jr.]], American politician (b. [[1877]])+
-*[[1956]] - [[Ralph DePalma]], Italian-American race car driver (b. [[1884]])+
-*[[1968]] - [[Grover Lowdermilk]], American baseball player (b. [[1885]])+
-*[[1972]] - [[Meena Kumari]], Indian actress (b. [[1932]])+
-*[[1976]] - [[Paul Strand]], American photographer (b. [[1890]])+
-*[[1978]] - [[Charles Best]], Canadian medical scientist (b. [[1899]])+
-*[[1980]] - [[Vladimír Holan]], Czech poet (b. [[1905]])+
-* 1980 - [[Jesse Owens]], American athlete (b. [[1913]])+
-*[[1981]] - [[Enid Bagnold]], British playwright (b. [[1889]])+
-*[[1984]] - [[Ronald Clark O'Bryan]], American murderer (b. [[1944]])+
-*[[1985]] - [[Jeanine Deckers]], Belgian nun (b. [[1933]])+
-*[[1986]] - [[O'Kelly Isley, Jr.]], American singer ([[The Isley Brothers]]) (b. [[1937]])+
-* 1986 - [[Jerry Paris]], American actor (b. [[1925]])+
-*[[1988]] - [[William McMahon]], 20th [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1908]])+
-*[[1993]] - [[Brandon Lee]], American actor (b. [[1965]])+
-* 1993 - [[Mitchell Parish]], American lyricist (b. [[1900]])+
-*[[1995]] - [[Selena]], American singer (b. [[1971]])+
*[[1996]] - [[Jeffrey Lee Pierce]], American singer, songwriter and guitarist ([[The Gun Club]]) (b. [[1958]]) *[[1996]] - [[Jeffrey Lee Pierce]], American singer, songwriter and guitarist ([[The Gun Club]]) (b. [[1958]])
-*[[1998]] - [[Bella Abzug]], American politician (b. [[1920]])+*[[2005]] - [[Terri Schiavo]], American figure in [[right to die]] case (b. [[1963]])
-* 1998 - [[Tim Flock]], American race car driver (b. [[1924]])+ 
-*[[1999]] - [[Yuri Knorozov]], Russian linguist (b. [[1922]])+
-*[[2001]] - [[Clifford Shull]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel laureate]] (b. [[1915]])+
-*[[2002]] - [[Barry Took]], British comedian (b. [[1928]])+
-*[[2003]] - [[H.S.M. Coxeter]], English-born geometer (b. [[1907]])+
-* 2003 - [[Tommy Seebach]], Danish singer (b. [[1949]])+
-* 2003 - [[Anne Gwynne]], American film actress (b. [[1918]])+
-*[[2005]] - [[Stanley J. Korsmeyer]], American oncologist (b. [[1951]])+
-* 2005 - [[Frank Perdue]], American poultry farmer (b. [[1920]])+
-* 2005 - [[Terri Schiavo]], American figure in [[right to die]] case (b. [[1963]])+
-*[[2006]] - [[Jackie McLean]], American jazz saxophonist (b. [[1931]] or [[1932]])+
-* 2006 - [[Angela Devi]], American adult model (b. [[1975]])+
-*[[2007]] - [[Paul Watzlawick]], Communications & Constructivism Theorist (b. [[1921]])+
-==Notes== 
-Production Code  
-René Descartes  
-Nagisa Oshima  
-John Fowles  
-Angela and Luciana Giussani  
-Jeffrey Lee Pierce  
-Volker Schlöndorff  
-Eliel Saarinen  
-Marge Piercy  
-Sergei Diaghilev  
-Octavio Paz  
-Paul Strand  
-Christopher Walken  
-Jules Pascin  
-Terri Schiavo  
-The Matrix  
-Georges Lévis  
-Willem Kloos  
-Sir Isaac Newton  
-Herb Alpert  
-Filip Dujardin  
-Eiffel Tower  
-John Constable  
-Patrick Magee (actor)  
-Christina Stead  
{{GFDL}} {{GFDL}}

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