March 4  

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== Art and culture == == Art and culture ==
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-* [[51]] - [[Nero]], later to become [[Roman Emperor]], is given the title [[princeps iuventutis]] (head of the youth). 
-*[[303]] or [[304]] - [[Martyrdom]] of [[Saint]] [[Adrian of Nicomedia]]. 
-* [[852]] - Croatian [[Duke]] [[Trpimir I of Croatia|Trpimir I]] issued a [[statute]], a document with the first known written mention of the [[Croats]] name in Croatian sources. 
-* [[932]] - Translation of the [[relics]] of [[martyr]] [[Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia]], Prince of the [[Czechs]]. 
-*[[1152]] - [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I Barbarossa]] is elected [[Germanic king|King]] of the [[Germany|Germans]]. 
-*[[1215]] - King [[John of England]] makes an [[oath]] to the [[Pope]] as a [[The Crusades|crusader]] to gain the support of [[Innocent III]]. 
-*[[1238]] - The [[Battle of the Sit River]] was fought in the northern part of the present-day [[Yaroslavl Oblast]] of [[Russia]] between the [[Mongol]] Hordes of [[Batu Khan]] and the Russians under [[Yuri II]] of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] during the [[Mongol invasion]] of [[Russia]]. 
-*[[1275]] - [[China|Chinese]] [[astronomers]] observe a [[total eclipse]] of the [[sun]]. 
-*[[1351]] - [[Ramathibodi]] becomes King of [[Siam]]. 
-*[[1386]] - [[Władysław II Jagiełło]] (Jogaila) was crowned [[King of Poland]]. 
-*[[1461]] - [[Wars of the Roses]] in [[Kingdom of England|England]]: [[House of Lancaster|Lancastrian]] [[British monarchy|King]] [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] is deposed by his [[House of York|Yorkist]] cousin, who then becomes King [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]]. 
-*[[1492]] - King [[James IV of Scotland]] concludes an [[Military alliance|alliance]] with [[France]] against [[England]]. 
-*[[1493]] - Explorer [[Christopher Columbus]] arrives back in [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]] aboard his ship [[Niña]] from his discovery voyage to [[the USA|America]]. He returned to [[Spain]] on [[March 15]]. 
-*[[1519]] - [[Hernan Cortes]] arrives in [[Mexico]] in search of the [[Aztec]] civilization and their wealth.  
-*[[1570]] - King [[Philip II of Spain]] bans foreign [[Netherlands|Dutch]] students.  
-*[[1611]] - [[George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury|George Abbot]] is appointed [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]. 
-*[[1621]] - [[Jakarta]], [[Java (island)|Java]] is renamed [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]]. 
-*[[1629]] - [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]], which had the role of colonizing the Americas, is granted a [[Royal charter]].  
-*[[1634]] - Samuel Cole opens the first [[tavern]] in [[Boston, Massachusetts]]. 
-*[[1665]] - [[England|English]] King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] declares war on [[The Netherlands]] which marked the start of the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]]. 
-*[[1675]] - [[John Flamsteed]] appointed first [[Astronomer Royal]] of [[England]].  
-*[[1681]] - [[Charles II of England]] grants a land charter to [[William Penn]] for the area that will later become [[Pennsylvania]]. 
-*[[1774]] - First sighting of [[Orion Nebula]] by [[William Herschel]]. 
-*[[1776]] - The American [[American Revolutionary War|War of Independence]]: The Americans capture "[[Dorchester Heights]]" dominating the port of Boston, Massachusetts. 
-*[[1778]] - The [[Continental Congress]] voted to [[ratify]] both the [[Treaty of Amity and Commerce (USA-France)|Treaty of Amity and Commerce]] and the [[Treaty of Alliance]] with [[France]]. The two treaties were the first entered into by the [[United States]] government. 
-*[[1789]] - In [[New York, New York|New York City]], the first [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] meets and declares the new [[United States Constitution|Constitution of the United States]] is in effect.  
-*[[1790]] - [[France]] is divided into 83 ''[[département in France|département]]s'', which cut across the [[provinces of France|former provinces]] in an attempt to dislodge regional loyalties based on noble ownership of land. 
-*[[1791]] - [[Vermont]] is admitted as the 14th [[U.S. state]]. 
-* 1791 - A [[Constitutional Act of 1791|Constitutional Act]] is introduced by the [[British House of Commons]] in [[London]] which envisages the separation of [[Canada]] into [[Lower Canada]] ([[Quebec]]) and [[Upper Canada]] ([[Ontario]]). 
-*[[1793]] - [[France|French]] troops conquer [[Geertruidenberg]], [[Netherlands]].  
-*[[1794]] - The [[Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution|11th Amendment]] to the [[U.S. Constitution]] was passed by the [[U.S. Congress]]. 
-*[[1797]] - In the first ever peaceful transfer of power between elected leaders in modern times, [[John Adams]] is sworn in as [[President of the United States]], succeeding [[George Washington]]. 
-*[[1804]] - The [[Castle Hill convict rebellion|Battle of Vinegar Hill]], colony of [[New South Wales]] ([[Australia]]), when Irish convicts (some of whom had been involved in Ireland’s [[Battle of Vinegar Hill]] in [[1798]]) led the colony’s only significant convict uprising. [http://www.hawkesburyhistory.org.au/articles/Battle_of_Vinegar.html] 
-*[[1813]] - [[Russia]]n troops fighting the army of [[Napoleon]] reach [[Berlin]] in [[Germany]] and the [[France|French]] garrison [[evacuate]] the city without a fight. 
-*[[1814]] - [[United States|Americans]] defeat the [[Armed Forces of the United Kingdom|British]] at the [[Battle of Longwoods]] between [[London]] and Thamesville near present-day [[Wardsville]], [[Ontario]]. 
-*[[1824]] - The "National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck" was founded in the [[United Kingdom]], later to be renamed The [[Royal National Lifeboat Institution]] in [[1858]]. 
-*[[1837]] - [[Chicago]] becomes incorporated as a city. 
-*[[1848]] - [[Charles Albert of Savoy|Carlo Alberto di Savoia]] signs the ''[[Statuto Albertino]]'' that will later represent the first [[constitution]] of the ''[[Italy|Regno d'Italia]]'' 
-*[[1861]] - First national flag of the [[Confederate States of America]] (the 'Stars and Bars') adopted. 
-*[[1865]] - Third (and last) national flag of the [[Confederate States of America]] adopted. 
*[[1877]] - [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]'s [[ballet]] ''[[Swan Lake]]'' premiers at the [[Bolshoi Theatre]] in [[Moscow]]. *[[1877]] - [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]'s [[ballet]] ''[[Swan Lake]]'' premiers at the [[Bolshoi Theatre]] in [[Moscow]].
-*[[1882]] - [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]]'s first electric trams run in [[East London, England|East London]]. 
-*[[1887]] - [[Gottlieb Daimler]] unveils his first [[automobile]] which he test runs in [[Esslingen]] and [[Cannstatt]], [[Germany]]. 
-*[[1890]] - The longest bridge in the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Forth Bridge (railway)]] (1,710 ft) in [[Scotland]] is opened by the [[Prince of Wales]], who later became King [[Edward VII of England|Edward VII]]. [http://archive.scotsman.com/article.cfm?id=TSC/1890/03/04/Ar00401] 
-*[[1893]] - [[Congo Free State]]: The army of [[Francis, Baron Dhanis]] attacks the [[Lualaba]], enabling him to transport his troops across the Upper [[Congo River|Congo]] and, capture Nyangwe almost without an effort. 
-*[[1894]] - Great fire in [[Shanghai]]. Over 1,000 buildings are destroyed. 
-*[[1899]] - [[Cyclone Mahina]] sweeps in north of [[Cooktown]], [[Queensland]], with a 12 m wave that reaches up to 5 km inland - over 300 dead. 
-*[[1902]] - In [[Chicago]], the [[American Automobile Association]] is established. 
-*[[1904]] - [[Russo-Japanese War]]: [[Russia]]n troops in [[Korea]] retreat toward [[Manchuria]] followed by 100,000 [[Japan]]ese troops. 
-*[[1908]] - The [[Collinwood School Fire]], [[Collinwood]] near [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], kills 174 people. 
-*[[1911]] - [[Victor Berger]] (Wisconsin) becomes the first [[socialist]] [[congressman]] in [[United States|U.S.]]. 
-*[[1917]] - [[Jeannette Rankin]] of [[Montana]] becomes the first female member of the [[United States House of Representatives]]. 
-* 1917 - [[Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia]]'s renunciation of the [[throne]] is made public, and Tsar [[Nicholas II]] of [[Russia]] publicly issues his [[abdication]] [[manifesto]]. The victory of the February Revolution.  
-*[[1925]] - [[Calvin Coolidge]] becomes the first [[President of the United States]] to have his [[inauguration]] broadcast on radio. 
-*[[1929]] - [[Charles Curtis]] becomes the first [[Native Americans in the United States|native-American]] [[Vice President]]. 
-*[[1930]] - Terrible floods ransack [[Languedoc]] and the surrounds in south-west [[France]], resulting in twelve departments being submerged by water and causing the death of over 700 people. 
-*[[1931]] - The British [[Viceroy]] of [[India]], [[Governor-General]] [[Edward Frederick Lindley Wood]] and [[Mohandas Gandhi]] ([[Mahatma Gandhi]]) meet to sign an agreement envisaging the release of political prisoners and allowing that salt is freely used by the poorest layers of the population. 
-*[[1933]] - [[Frances Perkins]] becomes [[United States Secretary of Labor]], first female member of the [[United States Cabinet]]. 
-* 1933 - [[Bertha Wilson]] is appointed as first woman to sit on the [[Supreme Court of Canada]]. 
-* 1933 - The [[Parliament of Austria]] is suspended because of a quibble over procedure - [[Chancellor of Austria|Chancellor]] [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] initiates [[authoritarian]] rule by decree (see [[Austrofascism]]). 
-*[[1941]] - The [[United Kingdom]] launches [[Operation Claymore]] on the [[Lofoten Islands]], during [[World War II]]. 
-* 1941 - [[Adolf Hitler]] applies pressure on [[Yugoslavia]] to join the [[Tripartite Pact]]. 
-*[[1944]] - First [[United States|U.S.]] daylight bombing of [[Berlin]] and Anti-[[Germany]] strikes in northern [[Italy]]. 
-*[[1945]] - In the [[United Kingdom]], [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Princess Elizabeth]], later to become Queen Elizabeth II, joins the [[British Army]] as a driver. 
-* 1945 - [[Lapland War]]: [[Finland]] declares war on [[Nazi Germany]]. 
-*[[1954]] - [[Peter Bent Brigham Hospital]] in Boston, Massachusetts, announces the first successful [[kidney]] [[transplant]]. 
-*[[1957]] - The [[S&P 500]] [[stock market index]] is introduced, replacing the S&P 90. 
-*[[1959]] - [[United States|U.S.]] [[Pioneer 4]] misses [[Moon]] and becomes the second ([[United States|U.S.]] first) artificial planet. 
-*[[1960]] - [[France|French]] freighter 'La Coubre' explodes in [[Havana]], [[Cuba]] killing 100. [[Fidel Castro]] blames the [[U.S.]] 
-*[[1962]] - [[United States Atomic Energy Commission]] announces that the first atomic power plant at [[McMurdo Station]] in [[Antarctica]] is in operation. 
-* 1966 - [[Canadian Pacific Air Lines]] [[DC-8]]-43 explodes on landing at [[Tokyo International Airport]], killing 64 people. 
-*[[1970]] - [[France|French]] submarine ''Eurydice'' explodes. 
-*[[1972]] - [[Libya]] and the [[Soviet Union]] sign a cooperation treaty. 
-*[[1976]] - The [[Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention]] is formally dissolved in [[Northern Ireland]] resulting in [[direct rule]] of [[Northern Ireland]] from [[London]] via the [[British parliament]]. 
-*[[1977]] - The [[1977 Bucharest Earthquake]] in southern and eastern [[Europe]] kills more than 1,500. 
-* 1977 - The first [[Cray-1]] [[supercomputer]] is shipped to the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], [[New Mexico]].  
-*[[1979]] - The first [[encyclical]] written by [[Pope John Paul II]], [[Redemptor Hominis]] ([[Latin]] for "The Redeemer of Man") is [[promulgate]]d less than five months after his installation as [[pope]]. 
-*[[1980]] - [[Nationalist]] leader [[Robert Mugabe]] wins a sweeping election victory to become [[Zimbabwe]]'s first black [[prime minister]]. 
-*[[1982]] - [[NASA]] launches "Intelsat V". 
-*[[1985]] - The [[Food and Drug Administration]] approves a [[blood test]] for [[AIDS]], used since then for screening all [[blood donation]]s in the [[United States]]. 
-*[[1991]] - [[Sheikh]] [[Saad Al-Abdallah Al-Salim Al-Sabah]], the [[Prime Minister of Kuwait]], returned to his country for the first time since [[Iraq]]'s invasion.  
-*[[1994]] - [[Space shuttle]] [[STS-62]] ([[Shuttle Columbia|''Columbia'']] 16) launches into orbit. 
-* 1994 - [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]]'s [[Croats]] and [[Moslems]] sign an agreement to form a [[federation]] in a loose economic union with [[Croatia]]. 
-*[[1997]] - US President [[Bill Clinton]] bans federally funded [[human cloning]] research. 
-*[[1998]] - [[LGBT rights in the United States|Gay rights]]: ''[[Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services]]'': The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] rules that federal laws banning on-the-job [[sexual harassment]] also apply when both parties are the same sex. 
-*[[2001]] - [[4 March 2001 BBC bombing]]: a massive car bomb explodes in front of the [[BBC Television Centre]] in [[London]], seriously injuring 11 people. The attack was attributed to the [[Real IRA]]. 
-* 2001 - [[Hintze Ribeiro disaster]], a bridge collapses in northern [[Portugal]], killing up to 70 people.  
-*[[2002]] - [[Canada]] bans human [[embryo]] [[cloning]] but permits government-funded scientists to use embryos left over from [[fertility]] treatment or [[abortions]]. 
-* 2002 - [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Multinational Force in Afghanistan]]: Seven American [[Special Operations Forces]] soldiers are killed as they attempt to infiltrate the [[Shahi Kot Valley]] on a low-flying helicopter reconnaissance mission. 
-*[[2005]] - The car of released [[Italy|Italian]] hostage [[Giuliana Sgrena]] is fired on by [[Military of the United States|US soldiers]] in [[Iraq]], causing the death of an Italian Secret Service Agent and injuring two passengers. 
-* 2005 - [[United Nations]] warns that about 90 million [[Africans]] could be infected by the [[HIV virus]] in the future without further action against the spread of the disease. 
-*[[2006]] - Final contact attempt with [[Pioneer 10]] by the [[Deep Space Network]]. No response was received. 
-*[[2007]] - [[Estonian parliamentary election, 2007]]: Approximately 30,000 voters take advantage of [[electronic voting in Estonia]], the world's first nationwide voting where part of the votecasting is allowed in the form of remote [[electronic voting]] via the [[Internet]]. 
==Births== ==Births==
-<!-- Please do not add yourself or anyone else without a biography in Wikipedia to this list.--> 
-*[[1188]] - [[Blanche of Castile]], wife of [[Louis VIII of France]] (d. [[1252]]) 
-*[[1394]] - [[Henry the Navigator]] (d. [[1460]]) 
-*[[1492]] - [[Francesco de Layolle]], Italian composer (d. c.[[1540]]) 
-*[[1525]] - [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]], Italian composer of Renaissance music (d. [[1594]]) 
-*[[1610]] - [[William Dobson]], English portraitist and painter (d. [[1646]]) 
-*[[1651]] - [[John Somers, 1st Baron Somers]] (d. [[1716]]) 
-*[[1665]] - [[Philip Christoph von Königsmarck]], Swedish soldier (d. [[1694]]) 
*[[1678]] - [[Antonio Vivaldi]], Italian composer (d. [[1741]]) *[[1678]] - [[Antonio Vivaldi]], Italian composer (d. [[1741]])
*[[1702]] - [[Jack Sheppard]], English burglar and escapee (d. [[1724]]) *[[1702]] - [[Jack Sheppard]], English burglar and escapee (d. [[1724]])

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