Marxism
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| ==Cultural Marxism== | ==Cultural Marxism== | ||
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| + | '''Cultural Marxism''' is a generic term referring to a loosely associated group of Marxists who have sought to apply [[critical theory]] to matters of [[family]] composition, [[gender]], [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], and [[cultural identity]] within [[Western society]]. | ||
| ==Freudo-Marxism== | ==Freudo-Marxism== | ||
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“A spectre is haunting Europe — the spectre of communism ” --Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels |
Illustration:Liberty Leading the People (1831, detail) by Eugène Delacroix.
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Marxism is a worldview and method of societal analysis that focuses on class relations and societal conflict, that uses a materialist interpretation of historical development, and a dialectical view of social transformation. Marxist methodology uses economic and sociopolitical inquiry and applies that to the analysis and critique of the development of capitalism and the role of class struggle in systemic economic change.
In the mid-to-late 19th century, the intellectual tenets of Marxism were inspired by two German philosophers: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxist analyses and methodologies have influenced multiple political ideologies and social movements. Marxism encompasses an economic theory, a sociological theory, a philosophical method, and a revolutionary view of social change.
According to Marxist analysis, class conflict within capitalism arises due to intensifying contradictions between highly productive mechanized and socialized production performed by the proletariat, and private ownership and private appropriation of the surplus product in the form of surplus value (profit) by a small minority of private owners called the bourgeoisie. As the contradiction becomes apparent to the proletariat, social unrest between the two antagonistic classes intensifies, culminating in a social revolution. The eventual long-term outcome of this revolution would be the establishment of socialism – a socioeconomic system based on cooperative ownership of the means of production, distribution based on one's contribution, and production organized directly for use. Karl Marx hypothesized that, as the productive forces and technology continued to advance, socialism would eventually give way to a communist stage of social development. Communism would be a classless, stateless, humane society erected on common ownership and the principle of "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs".
Marxist understandings of history and of society have been adopted by academics in the disciplines of archaeology and anthropology, political science, theater, history, sociology, art history and art theory, cultural studies, education, economics, geography, literary criticism, aesthetics, critical psychology, and philosophy.
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Cultural Marxism
Cultural Marxism is a generic term referring to a loosely associated group of Marxists who have sought to apply critical theory to matters of family composition, gender, race, and cultural identity within Western society.
Freudo-Marxism
Freudo-Marxism is a loose designation of several twentieth-century critical theory schools of thought that sought to synthesize the philosophy and political economy of Karl Marx with the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud.
Freudo-Marxism seeks to use the tools of psychoanalysis to diagnose the ills of society. Just as Freudianism views an individual's ego and super-ego as shaped by his unconscious id, Marxism views a society's culture and institutions as shaped by its underlying economic system. Thus a society's economic system and its relations of production function as its unconscious id; a society's culture functions as its ego; and a society's legal system, police and military function as its super-ego. From this point, Freudo-Marxism aims to reveal the illness of a society's underlying economic system by analyzing its cultural products.
Marxist film theory
Marxist film theory is one of the oldest forms of film theory.
Sergei Eisenstein and many other Soviet filmmakers in the 1920s expressed ideas of Marxism through film. In fact, the Hegelian dialectic was considered best displayed in film editing through the Kuleshov Experiment and the development of montage.
While this structuralist approach to Marxism and filmmaking was used, the more vociferous complaint that the Russian filmmakers had was with the narrative structure of Hollywood filmmaking.
Marxist literary theory
Marxist literary criticism is a loose term describing literary criticism informed by the philosophy or the politics of Marxism. Its history is as long as Marxism itself, as both Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels read widely (Marx had a great affection for Shakespeare, as well as contemporary writings like the work of his friend Heinrich Heine). In the twentieth century many of the foremost writers of Marxist theory have also been literary critics, from Georg Lukács to Fredric Jameson.
False consciousness
False consciousness or false needs is the Marxist thesis that the Culture industries cultivate false needs; that is, needs created and satisfied by capitalism. True needs, in contrast, are freedom, creativity, or genuine happiness. Herbert Marcuse was the first to demarcate true needs from false needs.
Guy Debord
Guy Ernest Debord (December 28, 1931 – November 30, 1994) was a French Marxist theorist, writer, filmmaker, member of the Letterist International, founder of a Letterist faction, and founding member of the Situationist International (SI). His book The Society of the Spectacle (1967) was a catalyst for the uprising of May 1968.
See also
- Cultural Marxism
- Freudo-Marxism
- Karl Marx
- Karl Marx in film
- Marxian economics
- Marxism–Leninism
- Marxist aesthetics
- Marxist analysis
- Marxist conception of human nature
- Marxist criminology
- Marxist feminism
- Marxist film theory
- Marxist geography
- Marxist historiography
- Marxist humanism
- Marxist literary criticism
- Marxist philosophy
- Marxist philosophy of nature
- Marxist sociology
- Marx’s method
- Marx's theory of alienation
- Marx's theory of human nature
- Orthodox Marxism
- Political Marxism
- Post-Marxism
- Reification (Marxism)
- Rethinking Marxism
- Revisionism (Marxism)
- Specters of Marx
- Structural Marxism
- Western Marxism
- Young Marx
