Max Nordau  

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-{{Template}}'''Max Nordau''' ([[July 29]], [[1849]] - [[January 23]], [[1923]]), born in [[Pest (city)|Pest]], [[Hungary]], was a [[Zionism|Zionist]] leader, physician, author, and [[social critic]]. Although not his most popular or successful work whilst alive, the book most often remembered and cited today is the [[1892]] ''[[Degeneration (Nordau)|Degeneration]]''. +{{Template}}
 +'''Max Simon Nordau''' (July 29, 1849 - January 23, 1923), born '''Simon Maximilian Südfeld''' in [[Pest (city)|Pest]], [[Hungary]], was a [[Zionism|Zionist]] leader, physician, author, and [[social critic]].
 + 
 +Although not his most popular or successful work whilst alive, the book most often remembered and cited today is ''[[Degeneration (Nordau)|Degeneration]]'' (1892).
 + 
 +== Biography==
 + 
 +Nordau was born '''Simon Maximilian''', or '''Simcha Südfeld''' on 29 July 1849 in [[Budapest]], then part of the [[Austrian Empire]]. His father was '''Gabriel Südfeld''', a Hebrew poet. His family were religious [[Orthodox Jews]] and he attended a Jewish elementary school, then a Catholic grammar school, before achieving a medical degree. He worked as a journalist for small newspapers in Budapest, before heading to Berlin in 1873, and changing his name. He soon moved to [[Paris]] as a correspondent for ''Die Neue Freie Presse'' and it was in Paris that he spent most of his life.
 + 
 +Nordau was an example of a fully assimilated and acculturated European Jew. He was married to a [[Protestant]] [[Christian]] woman, despite his [[Hungary|Hungarian]] background, he felt affiliated to [[Germany|German]] culture, writing in an autobiographical sketch, "When I reached the age of fifteen, I left the Jewish way of life and the study of the [[Torah]]... [[Judaism]] remained a mere memory and since then I have always felt as a German and as a German only."
 + 
 +Nordau's conversion to Zionism was eventually triggered by the [[Dreyfus Affair]]. Many Jews, amongst them [[Theodor Herzl]] saw in the Dreyfus Affair evidence of the universality of [[Anti-Semitism]].
 + 
 +Nordau went on to play a major role in the [[World Zionist Organisation]], indeed Nordau's relative fame certainly helped bring attention to the Zionist movement. He can be credited with giving the organisation a democratic character.
 + 
 +==Degeneration ==
 +Nordau's major work ''Entartung'' (''[[Degeneration (Max Nordau)|Degeneration]]'') is a moralistic attack on what he believed to be [[degenerate art]], as well as a polemic against the effects of a range of the rising social phenomena of the period, such as rapid urbanization and its perceived effects on the human body.
 + 
 +In ''Réflexions sur la question gay'' (translated into English as ''Insult and the Making of the Gay Self''), [[Didier Eribon]] refers to a whole section in Nordau’s book targeting [[Oscar Wilde]] in aggressive terms: «Wilde loves immorality, sin, and crime».
 + 
 +According to Eribon, the two volumes of ''Degeneration'' are centred around a description of the artistic and literary currents of an «end-of-century» that was leading society to «ruin».
 +Nordau attacks [[symbolism (arts)|symbolists]], [[mysticism|mystics]], [[Pre-Raphaelites]], [[Wagner|Wagnerism]], [[Aestheticism]], [[Decadentism]].
 +[[Joris-Karl Huysmans|Huysmans]] and [[Émile Zola|Zola]] are also targeted by him as «[[neurosis|neurotics]]» and «the worst kind of enemies of society», against whom the latter had «a duty to defend itself». He sustained that society was «at the highest of a serious intellectual epidemic, some kind of Black Death of degeneration and hysteria, such that it is only natural to hear a generalized, anguished questioning: ‘What is going to happen?’»
 +Therefore, he called upon [[judge]]s, [[teacher]]s, [[politician]]s, all those who wished to protect [[civilization]], to organize repression and censorship.
 +As for [[psychiatrist]]s, their role would be predominant in such academia of «honest people» in charge of condemning «works that speculate on [[immorality]]». Any artist whom this small cluster of «the most qualified men of the people» might dislike would be doomed, because in such case «both the man and his work would be annihilated».
 + 
 +Nordau’s ''Degeneration'' is cited by [[William James]] in his lecture on Neurology and Religion at the beginning of ''[[The Varieties of Religious Experience]]''. James mocks the author for his «bulky book» on the grounds that he exemplifies the then-current school of medical materialism, stating that Nordau «has striven to [[wikt:impugn|impugn]] the value of works of genius in a wholesale way (such works of contemporary art, namely, as he himself is unable to enjoy, and they are many) by using medical arguments».
 + 
 +== Nordau the Zionist ==
 +=== The Dreyfus Affair ===
 + 
 +Nordau's conversion to Zionism is in many ways typical of the rise of Zionism amongst Western European Jewry. The [[Dreyfus Affair]] beginning in 1893 was central to Nordau's conviction that Zionism was now necessary. Herzl's views were formed during his time in France where he recognised the universality of anti-Semitism; the Dreyfus Affair cemented his belief in the failure of assimilation. Nordau also witnessed the Paris mob outside the École Militaire crying "à morts les juifs!"
 + 
 +His role of friend and advisor to Herzl, who was working as the correspondent for the Vienna Neue Freie Presse, began here in Paris. This trial went beyond a miscarriage of justice and in Herzl's words "contained the wish of the overwhelming majority in France, to damn a Jew, and in this one Jew, all Jews." Whether or not the [[anti-semitism]] manifested in France during the [[Dreyfus Affair]] was indicative of the majority of the French or simply a very vocal minority is open to debate. However the very fact that such sentiment had manifested itself in [[France]] was particularly significant. This was the country often seen as the model of the modern [[Enlightenment in Western secular tradition|enlightened]] age, that had given the Europe the Great Revolution and consequently the [[Jewish Emancipation]].
 + 
 +=== The Failure of Emancipation ===
 + 
 +Nordau's work as a critic of European civilisation and where it was heading certainly contributed to his eventual role in Zionism. One of the central tenets of Nordau's beliefs was evolution, in all things, and he concluded that Emancipation was not born out of evolution. French rationalism of the 18th century, based on pure logic, demanded that all men be treated equally. Nordau saw in Jewish Emancipation the result of 'a regular equation: Every man is born with certain rights; the Jews are human beings, consequently the Jews are born to own the rights of man.' This Emancipation was written in the statute books of Europe, but contrasted with popular social consciousness. It was this which explained the apparent contradiction of equality before the law, but the existence of anti-Semitism, and in particular 'racial' anti-Semitism, no longer based on old religious bigotry. Nordau cited England as an exception to this continental anti-Semitism that proved the rule. "In England, Emancipation is a truth…It had already been completed in the heart before legislation expressly confirmed it." Only if Emancipation came from changes within society, as opposed to abstract ideas imposed upon society, could it be a reality. This rejection of the accepted idea of Emancipation was not based entirely on the Dreyfus Affair. It had manifested itself much earlier in ''Die Konventionellen Lügen der Kulturmenschheit'' and runs through his denouncing of 'degenerate' and 'lunatic' anti-Semitism in ''Die Entartung.''
 + 
 +===Muscular Judaism===
 +Nordau also, at the 1898 Zionist Congress, coined the term "muscular Judaism" (''muskel-Judenthum'') as a descriptor of a Jewish culture and religion which directed its adherents to reach for certain moral and corporeal ideals which, through discipline, agility and strength, would result in a stronger, more physically-assured Jew who would outshine the long-held stereotype of the weak, intellectually-sustained Jew. He would further explore the concept of the "muscle Jew" in a 1900 article of the [[Jewish Gymnastics Journal]].
 + 
 +== World Zionist Congress ==
 + 
 +Nordau was central to the [[World Zionist Congress|Zionist Congresses]] which played such a vital part in shaping what Zionism would become. Herzl had favoured the idea of a Jewish newspaper and an elitist "Society of Jews" to spread the ideas of Zionism. It was Nordau, convinced that Zionism had to at least appear democratic, despite the impossibility of representing all Jewish groups, who persuaded Herzl of the need for an assembly. This appearance of democracy certainly helped counter accusations that the "Zionists represented no one but themselves." There would be eleven such Congresses in all, the first, which Nordau organised, was in Basle, 29-31 August 1897. His fame as an intellectual helped draw attention to the project. Indeed the fact that Max Nordau, the trenchant essayist and journalist, was a Jew came as a revelation for many. Herzl obviously took centre stage, making the first speech at the Congress; Nordau followed him with an assessment of the Jewish condition in Europe. Nordau used statistics to paint a portrait of the dire straits of Eastern Jewry and also expressed his belief in the destiny of Jewish people as a democratic nation state, free of what he saw as the constraints of Emancipation.
 + 
 +Nordau's speeches to the [[World Zionist Congress]] reexamined the Jewish people, in particular stereotypes of the Jews. He fought against the tradition of seeing the Jews as merchants or business people, arguing that most modern financial innovations such as insurance had been invented by gentiles. He saw the Jewish people as having a unique gift for politics, a calling which they were unable to fulfil without their own nation-state. Whereas Herzl favoured the idea of an elite forming policy, Nordau insisted the Congress have a democratic nature of some sort, calling for votes on key topics. Nordau was also a staunch eugenicist. [http://whatwemaybe.org/txt/txt0000/glad.john.2006.future_human_evolution.book.full.003k.en.pdf] (in ''Future Human Evolution'' - page 85)
 + 
 +As the 20th Century progressed, Nordau seemed increasingly irrelevant as a cultural critic. The rise of [[Modernism]], the popularity of very different thinkers such as [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], the huge technological changes and the devastation of the [[First World War]], changed European society enormously. Even within the Zionist movement, other strains of thought were growing in popularity - influenced by Nietzsche, [[Socialism]] and other ideas. Nordau, in comparison, seemed very much a creature of the late 19th Century.
 + 
 +Nordau died in [[Paris, France]] in 1923. In 1926 his remains were moved to [[Tel Aviv]].
 + 
 +The 22nd chapter of the AZA, the Nordaunian (Nordau) was named after Nordau. The chapter resides in Kansas City Council of Mid America Region. They are known for their internationally recognized annual [[Matzo Ball]] dance which has been a tradition for over 75 years.
 + 
 +==Literature==
 + 
 +* [[Melanie A. Murphy]], Max Nordau's fin-de-siècle romance of race, NY. 2007, ISBN: 978-0-8204-4185-6, Series: Studies in German History, 4
 +* Michael Stanislawski, Zionism and the Fin de Siècle: Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism from Nordau to Jabotinsky, University of California Press 2001
 +* Christoph Schulte, ''Psychopathologie des Fin de Siècle. Der Kulturkritiker, Arzt und Zionist Max Nordau.'' Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1997, ISBN 3596136113
 +* Anna und Maxa Nordau, ''Max Nordau. A Biography'', New York 1943
 + 
 +== See also ==
 + 
 +* [[Ruben Brainin]]
 +* [[Ferdinand Gross]]
 +* [[Theodor Herzl]]
 +* [[Israel Zangwill]]
 +* [[New Era Illustrated Magazine]]
 +* [[Basel Program]]
 + 
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Max Simon Nordau (July 29, 1849 - January 23, 1923), born Simon Maximilian Südfeld in Pest, Hungary, was a Zionist leader, physician, author, and social critic.

Although not his most popular or successful work whilst alive, the book most often remembered and cited today is Degeneration (1892).

Contents

Biography

Nordau was born Simon Maximilian, or Simcha Südfeld on 29 July 1849 in Budapest, then part of the Austrian Empire. His father was Gabriel Südfeld, a Hebrew poet. His family were religious Orthodox Jews and he attended a Jewish elementary school, then a Catholic grammar school, before achieving a medical degree. He worked as a journalist for small newspapers in Budapest, before heading to Berlin in 1873, and changing his name. He soon moved to Paris as a correspondent for Die Neue Freie Presse and it was in Paris that he spent most of his life.

Nordau was an example of a fully assimilated and acculturated European Jew. He was married to a Protestant Christian woman, despite his Hungarian background, he felt affiliated to German culture, writing in an autobiographical sketch, "When I reached the age of fifteen, I left the Jewish way of life and the study of the Torah... Judaism remained a mere memory and since then I have always felt as a German and as a German only."

Nordau's conversion to Zionism was eventually triggered by the Dreyfus Affair. Many Jews, amongst them Theodor Herzl saw in the Dreyfus Affair evidence of the universality of Anti-Semitism.

Nordau went on to play a major role in the World Zionist Organisation, indeed Nordau's relative fame certainly helped bring attention to the Zionist movement. He can be credited with giving the organisation a democratic character.

Degeneration

Nordau's major work Entartung (Degeneration) is a moralistic attack on what he believed to be degenerate art, as well as a polemic against the effects of a range of the rising social phenomena of the period, such as rapid urbanization and its perceived effects on the human body.

In Réflexions sur la question gay (translated into English as Insult and the Making of the Gay Self), Didier Eribon refers to a whole section in Nordau’s book targeting Oscar Wilde in aggressive terms: «Wilde loves immorality, sin, and crime».

According to Eribon, the two volumes of Degeneration are centred around a description of the artistic and literary currents of an «end-of-century» that was leading society to «ruin». Nordau attacks symbolists, mystics, Pre-Raphaelites, Wagnerism, Aestheticism, Decadentism. Huysmans and Zola are also targeted by him as «neurotics» and «the worst kind of enemies of society», against whom the latter had «a duty to defend itself». He sustained that society was «at the highest of a serious intellectual epidemic, some kind of Black Death of degeneration and hysteria, such that it is only natural to hear a generalized, anguished questioning: ‘What is going to happen?’» Therefore, he called upon judges, teachers, politicians, all those who wished to protect civilization, to organize repression and censorship. As for psychiatrists, their role would be predominant in such academia of «honest people» in charge of condemning «works that speculate on immorality». Any artist whom this small cluster of «the most qualified men of the people» might dislike would be doomed, because in such case «both the man and his work would be annihilated».

Nordau’s Degeneration is cited by William James in his lecture on Neurology and Religion at the beginning of The Varieties of Religious Experience. James mocks the author for his «bulky book» on the grounds that he exemplifies the then-current school of medical materialism, stating that Nordau «has striven to impugn the value of works of genius in a wholesale way (such works of contemporary art, namely, as he himself is unable to enjoy, and they are many) by using medical arguments».

Nordau the Zionist

The Dreyfus Affair

Nordau's conversion to Zionism is in many ways typical of the rise of Zionism amongst Western European Jewry. The Dreyfus Affair beginning in 1893 was central to Nordau's conviction that Zionism was now necessary. Herzl's views were formed during his time in France where he recognised the universality of anti-Semitism; the Dreyfus Affair cemented his belief in the failure of assimilation. Nordau also witnessed the Paris mob outside the École Militaire crying "à morts les juifs!"

His role of friend and advisor to Herzl, who was working as the correspondent for the Vienna Neue Freie Presse, began here in Paris. This trial went beyond a miscarriage of justice and in Herzl's words "contained the wish of the overwhelming majority in France, to damn a Jew, and in this one Jew, all Jews." Whether or not the anti-semitism manifested in France during the Dreyfus Affair was indicative of the majority of the French or simply a very vocal minority is open to debate. However the very fact that such sentiment had manifested itself in France was particularly significant. This was the country often seen as the model of the modern enlightened age, that had given the Europe the Great Revolution and consequently the Jewish Emancipation.

The Failure of Emancipation

Nordau's work as a critic of European civilisation and where it was heading certainly contributed to his eventual role in Zionism. One of the central tenets of Nordau's beliefs was evolution, in all things, and he concluded that Emancipation was not born out of evolution. French rationalism of the 18th century, based on pure logic, demanded that all men be treated equally. Nordau saw in Jewish Emancipation the result of 'a regular equation: Every man is born with certain rights; the Jews are human beings, consequently the Jews are born to own the rights of man.' This Emancipation was written in the statute books of Europe, but contrasted with popular social consciousness. It was this which explained the apparent contradiction of equality before the law, but the existence of anti-Semitism, and in particular 'racial' anti-Semitism, no longer based on old religious bigotry. Nordau cited England as an exception to this continental anti-Semitism that proved the rule. "In England, Emancipation is a truth…It had already been completed in the heart before legislation expressly confirmed it." Only if Emancipation came from changes within society, as opposed to abstract ideas imposed upon society, could it be a reality. This rejection of the accepted idea of Emancipation was not based entirely on the Dreyfus Affair. It had manifested itself much earlier in Die Konventionellen Lügen der Kulturmenschheit and runs through his denouncing of 'degenerate' and 'lunatic' anti-Semitism in Die Entartung.

Muscular Judaism

Nordau also, at the 1898 Zionist Congress, coined the term "muscular Judaism" (muskel-Judenthum) as a descriptor of a Jewish culture and religion which directed its adherents to reach for certain moral and corporeal ideals which, through discipline, agility and strength, would result in a stronger, more physically-assured Jew who would outshine the long-held stereotype of the weak, intellectually-sustained Jew. He would further explore the concept of the "muscle Jew" in a 1900 article of the Jewish Gymnastics Journal.

World Zionist Congress

Nordau was central to the Zionist Congresses which played such a vital part in shaping what Zionism would become. Herzl had favoured the idea of a Jewish newspaper and an elitist "Society of Jews" to spread the ideas of Zionism. It was Nordau, convinced that Zionism had to at least appear democratic, despite the impossibility of representing all Jewish groups, who persuaded Herzl of the need for an assembly. This appearance of democracy certainly helped counter accusations that the "Zionists represented no one but themselves." There would be eleven such Congresses in all, the first, which Nordau organised, was in Basle, 29-31 August 1897. His fame as an intellectual helped draw attention to the project. Indeed the fact that Max Nordau, the trenchant essayist and journalist, was a Jew came as a revelation for many. Herzl obviously took centre stage, making the first speech at the Congress; Nordau followed him with an assessment of the Jewish condition in Europe. Nordau used statistics to paint a portrait of the dire straits of Eastern Jewry and also expressed his belief in the destiny of Jewish people as a democratic nation state, free of what he saw as the constraints of Emancipation.

Nordau's speeches to the World Zionist Congress reexamined the Jewish people, in particular stereotypes of the Jews. He fought against the tradition of seeing the Jews as merchants or business people, arguing that most modern financial innovations such as insurance had been invented by gentiles. He saw the Jewish people as having a unique gift for politics, a calling which they were unable to fulfil without their own nation-state. Whereas Herzl favoured the idea of an elite forming policy, Nordau insisted the Congress have a democratic nature of some sort, calling for votes on key topics. Nordau was also a staunch eugenicist. [1] (in Future Human Evolution - page 85)

As the 20th Century progressed, Nordau seemed increasingly irrelevant as a cultural critic. The rise of Modernism, the popularity of very different thinkers such as Friedrich Nietzsche, the huge technological changes and the devastation of the First World War, changed European society enormously. Even within the Zionist movement, other strains of thought were growing in popularity - influenced by Nietzsche, Socialism and other ideas. Nordau, in comparison, seemed very much a creature of the late 19th Century.

Nordau died in Paris, France in 1923. In 1926 his remains were moved to Tel Aviv.

The 22nd chapter of the AZA, the Nordaunian (Nordau) was named after Nordau. The chapter resides in Kansas City Council of Mid America Region. They are known for their internationally recognized annual Matzo Ball dance which has been a tradition for over 75 years.

Literature

  • Melanie A. Murphy, Max Nordau's fin-de-siècle romance of race, NY. 2007, ISBN: 978-0-8204-4185-6, Series: Studies in German History, 4
  • Michael Stanislawski, Zionism and the Fin de Siècle: Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism from Nordau to Jabotinsky, University of California Press 2001
  • Christoph Schulte, Psychopathologie des Fin de Siècle. Der Kulturkritiker, Arzt und Zionist Max Nordau. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1997, ISBN 3596136113
  • Anna und Maxa Nordau, Max Nordau. A Biography, New York 1943

See also




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