Mosque
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| + | "In early July [[2020]], [[Turkey]] annulled the 1934 decision to establish the [[Hagia Sophia]] as a museum, revoking the monument's status. A subsequent decree by Turkish president [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] ordered the reclassification of Hagia Sophia as a [[mosque]]. This redesignation is controversial, invoking condemnation from the Turkish opposition, [[UNESCO]], the [[World Council of Churches]], and many international leaders."--Sholem Stein | ||
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| - | :In [[Western art]], artists' patrons have been the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in the [[Middle Ages]]; the [[court]]s in the Renaissance and the [[bourgeoisie]] (the new middle class) in the [[Enlightenment]] era. During the 20th century private patrons were joined by state funded [[arts council]]s and museums. | + | A place of [[worship]] for [[Muslim]]s, corresponding to a [[church]] or [[synagogue]] in other religions, and having at least one [[minaret]]; a [[masjid]]. |
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| - | '''Patronage''' is the support, encouragement, privilege and often financial aid that an organization or individual bestows to another. In the history of art, '''arts patronage''' refers to the support that kings or popes have provided to musicians, painters, and sculptors. It can also refer to the right of bestowing offices or [[Benefice|church benefices]], the business given to a store by a regular customer, and the [[patron saint|guardianship of saints]]. The term derives from the [[Latin]] ''patronatus'', the formal relationship between a ''[[Patronus]]'' and his ''[[Cliens|Clientes]]''. | + | |
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| - | In some countries the term is used to describe '''political patronage''', which is the use of state resources to reward individuals for their electoral support. Some patronage systems are legal, as in the Canadian tradition of allowing the Prime Minister to appoint the heads of a number of commissions and agencies; in many cases, these appointments go to people who have supported the political party of the Prime Minister. As well, the term may refer to a type of [[corruption]] or favoritism in which a party in power rewards groups, families, ethnicities for their electoral support using illegal gifts or fraudulently-awarded appointments or government contracts. | + | |
| - | == History == | + | |
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| - | From the [[Ancient history|ancient world]] through the [[Middle Ages]] and the [[Renaissance]] and into the early modern era, patronage of the arts was an important if not crucial phenomenon. It is known in greatest detail in reference to pre-modern Europe, though patronage can also be traced in feudal Japan and the traditional kingdoms of Southeast Asia and elsewhere—art patronage tended to arise wherever a [[royal family|royal]] or [[Empire|imperial]] system and an aristocracy dominated a society and controlled a significant share of its material resources. Rulers, nobles, and very wealthy people used patronage of the arts to endorse their political ambitions, social positions, and prestige. That is, patrons operated as [[sponsor]]s. Various languages still use a term, "mecenate," derived from the name of Emperor Augustus' generous friend and adviser [[Gaius Maecenas]]. Some patrons, such as the [[Medici]] of Renaissance [[Florence]], additionally used artistic patronage to "cleanse" wealth that was perceived as ill-gotten through [[usury]]. | + | |
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| - | While sponsorship of artists and the creation of art works is the best-known aspect of the patronage system, other disciplines and activities also benefitted from patronage, from early science (called [[natural philosophy]]), to scholarship and [[philosophy]] and all forms of intellectual endeavor, to practices like [[alchemy]] and [[astrology]]—all enjoyed varying levels of support from interested patrons. | + | |
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| - | Art patronage was especially important in the creation of [[Sacred art|religious art]]; [[major religious groups|organized religions]] have sponsored artistic development on every scale, from the largest [[architecture|architectural]] expressions in [[Cathedral|cathedrals]], [[Mosque|mosques]], and [[Temple|temples]] to the smallest miniatures of painting and sculpture, and handicrafts of all types. | + | |
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| - | In European cultural history, virtually every major and minor figure in music, literature, and the fine arts from the Medieval period to the early modern era had some relationship with the patronage system, in which royal and noble patrons subsidized artistic creation. Artists as diverse and important as [[Chrétien de Troyes]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Michelangelo]], [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] and [[Ben Jonson|Jonson]] all sought and enjoyed the support of noble or ecclesiastical patrons. Figures as late as [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] and [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] also participated in the system to some degree; it was only with the rise of bourgeois and capitalist social forms in the nineteenth century that European culture moved away from its patronage system to the more publicly-supported system of museums, theaters, mass audiences and mass consumption that is familiar in the contemporary world. | + | |
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| - | This kind of system continues across many fields of the [[arts]]. Though the nature of the sponsors has changed—from churches to charitable foundations, and from aristocrats to plutocrats—the term ''patronage'' has a more neutral [[connotation]] than in politics. It may simply refer to direct support (often financial) of an artist, for example by [[Grant (money)|grants]]. | + | |
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| - | In the later part of the twentieth century the academic sub-discipline of [[patronage studies]] began to evolve, in recognition of the important and often neglected role that the phenomenon of patronage had played in the cultural life of previous centuries. | + | |
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| - | == Related == | + | |
| - | [[art]] - [[commercial art]] - [[economy]] - [[advertising]] - [[audience]] - [[art]] - [[business]] - [[NEA|NEA (government funding)]] - [[product]] - [[producer]] - [[public]] | + | |
| - | == Famous patrons == | + | |
| - | * [[Marie-Laure de Noailles]] | + | |
| - | *[[Charles Saatchi]] | + | |
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| - | ==Etymology== | + | |
| - | Old French [[patron]], reborrowed from Latin [[patronus]], derived from [[pater]] "father". | + | |
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| - | == See also == | + | |
| - | *[[Artworld economics]] | + | |
| - | *[[Patronage]] | + | |
| - | *[[Starving artist]] | + | |
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"In early July 2020, Turkey annulled the 1934 decision to establish the Hagia Sophia as a museum, revoking the monument's status. A subsequent decree by Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ordered the reclassification of Hagia Sophia as a mosque. This redesignation is controversial, invoking condemnation from the Turkish opposition, UNESCO, the World Council of Churches, and many international leaders."--Sholem Stein |
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A place of worship for Muslims, corresponding to a church or synagogue in other religions, and having at least one minaret; a masjid.
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Mosque" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
