Mourning  

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 +[[Image:The Artist Moved by the Grandeur of Ancient Ruins.jpg|thumb|right|200px|
 +''[[The Artist Moved by the Grandeur of Ancient Ruins]]'' ([[1778]]-[[1779|79]]) by [[Henry Fuseli]]]]
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-'''Stoic Passions''' refers to various forms of emotional suffering in [[Stoicism]], a school of Hellenistic philosophy. 
-==Primary Passions==+'''Mourning''' is, in the simplest sense, synonymous with [[grief]] over the [[death]] of someone. The word is also used to describe a cultural complex of behaviours in which the bereaved participate or are expected to participate. Customs vary between different cultures and evolve over time, though many core behaviors remain constant.
-The [[Stoicism|Stoics]] named four primary passions. In ''On Passions'', [[Andronicus of Rhodes|Andronicus]] reported the Stoic definitions of these passions (trans. Long & Sedley, pg. 411, modified):+Wearing dark, sombre clothes is one practice followed in many countries, though other forms of dress are also seen. Those most affected by the loss of a loved one often observe a period of grieving, marked by withdrawal from social events and quiet, respectful behavior. People may also follow certain religious traditions for such occasions.
- +
-; '''Distress''' : [[Stress (medicine)|Distress]] is an [[Irrationality|irrational]] contraction, or a fresh [[opinion]] that something bad is present, at which people think it right to be [[Depression (mood)|depressed]]. +
-; '''Fear''' : [[Fear]] is an irrational [[Risk aversion|aversion]], or avoidance of an expected [[Risk|danger]]. +
-; '''Lust''' : [[Lust]] is an irrational desire, or pursuit of an expected [[Goodness and value theory|good]]. +
-; '''Delight''' : Delight is an irrational swelling, or a fresh opinion that something good is present, at which people think it right to be [[Mania|elated]].+
- +
-==Subdivisions==+
- +
-Numerous subdivisions of the same class are brought under the head of the separate passions. The definitions are those of the translation of Cicero's ''Tusculan Disputations'' by J. E. King.+
- +
-===Distress===+
- +
-; Envy : [[Envy]] is distress incurred by reason of a [[neighbor]]'s prosperity.+
-; Rivalry : Rivalry is distress, should another be in possession of the object desired and one has to go without it oneself.+
-; Jealousy : [[Jealousy]] is distress arising from the fact that the thing one has coveted oneself is in the possession of the other man as well as one's own.+
-; Compassion : [[Compassion]] is distress arising from the wretchedness of a neighbor in undeserved suffering.+
-; Anxiety : [[Anxiety]] is oppressive distress.+
-; Mourning : [[Mourning]] is distress arising from the untimely death of a beloved object.+
-; Sadness : [[Sadness]] is tearful distress.+
-; Troubling : Troubling is burdensome distress.+
-; Grief : [[Grief]] is torturing distress.+
-; Lamenting : Distress accompanied by wailing.+
-; Depression : [[Depression (mood)|Depression]] is distress accompanied by brooding.+
-; Vexation : Vexation is lasting distress.+
-; Despondency : Despondency is distress without any prospect of amelioration.+
- +
-===Fear===+
- +
-; Sluggishness : Sluggishness is fear of ensuing toil.+
-; Shame : [[Shame]] is fear causing diffusion of blood.+
-; Fright : [[Fright]] is paralyzing fear which causes paleness, trembling and chattering of teeth.+
-; Timidity : [[Timidity]] is fear of approaching [[evil]].+
-; Consternation : Consternation is fear upsetting the [[mind|mental]] balance.+
-; Pusillanimity : Pusillanimity is fear following on the heels of fright like an attendant.+
-; Bewilderment : Bewilderment is fear paralyzing [[thought]].+
-; Faintheartedness : Faintheartedness is lasting fear.+
- +
-===Lust===+
- +
-; Anger : [[Anger]] is lust of punishing the man who is thought to have inflicted an undeserved [[injury]].+
-; Rage : [[Rage (emotion)|Rage]] is anger springing up and suddenly showing itself.+
-; Hatred : [[Hate|Hatred]] is inveterate anger.+
-; Enmity : [[Enmity]] is anger watching as opportunity for [[revenge]].+
-; Wrath : [[Wrath]] is anger of greater bitterness conceived in the innermost heart and [[soul]].+
-; Greed : [[Greed]] is insatiable lust.+
-; Longing : Longing is lust of beholding someone who is not present.+
- +
-===Delight===+
- +
-; Malice : [[Malice]] is [[pleasure]] derived from a neighbor's evil which brings no advantage to oneself.+
-; Rapture : [[Rapture]] is pleasure soothing the soul by [[charm]] of the sense of [[Hearing (sense)|hearing]].+
-; Ostentation : Ostentation is pleasure shown in outward demeanor and puffing oneself out extravagantly.+
- +
-==References==+
- +
-*Andronicus, "On Passions I," ''Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta'', 3.391. trans. Hans von Arnim. 1903-1905.+
- +
-*Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1945 c.1927). ''Cicero : Tusculan Disputations'' (Loeb Classical Library, No. 141) 2nd Ed. trans. by J. E. King. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP.+
- +
-*Long, A. A., Sedley, D. N. (1987). ''The Hellenistic Philosophers: vol. 1. translations of the principle sources with philosophical commentary''. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.+
 +Mourning may also apply to the death of, or anniversary of the passing of, an important individual like a local leader, monarch, religious figure etc. State mourning may occur on such an occasion. In recent years some traditions have given way to less strict practices, though many customs and traditions continue to be followed.
 +==See also==
 +* [[Burial]]
 +* [[Cemetery]]
 +* [[Cremation]]
 +* [[Death wail]]
 +* [[Month's Mind]]
 +* [[Mourning ring]]
 +* [[Mourning sickness]]
 +* [[Requiem]]
 +* ''[[Rudaali]]'' (Indian film)
 +* [[Victorian fashion#Mourning black|Victorian fashion]]
 +* [[Wake (ceremony)]]
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Mourning is, in the simplest sense, synonymous with grief over the death of someone. The word is also used to describe a cultural complex of behaviours in which the bereaved participate or are expected to participate. Customs vary between different cultures and evolve over time, though many core behaviors remain constant.

Wearing dark, sombre clothes is one practice followed in many countries, though other forms of dress are also seen. Those most affected by the loss of a loved one often observe a period of grieving, marked by withdrawal from social events and quiet, respectful behavior. People may also follow certain religious traditions for such occasions.

Mourning may also apply to the death of, or anniversary of the passing of, an important individual like a local leader, monarch, religious figure etc. State mourning may occur on such an occasion. In recent years some traditions have given way to less strict practices, though many customs and traditions continue to be followed.

See also




Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Mourning" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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